Hugh L. Scott

Template:Short description Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Hugh Lenox Scott (September 22, 1853 – April 30, 1934) was a United States Army officer. A West Point graduate of 1876, he served as superintendent of West Point from 1906 to 1910 and as chief of staff of the United States Army from 1914 to 1917, which included the first few months of American involvement in World War I.

File:Hugh L. Scott Portrait.jpg

1973 Portrait by Robert Oliver Skemp

Early life and family

Hugh L. Scott was born in Danville, Kentucky on September 22, 1853, the son of Reverend William McKendry Scott and Mary Elizabeth (Hodge) Scott.Template:Sfn His father was a Presbyterian minister, while his mother was from a well educated family.Template:SfnHe was the great-great-great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin.Template:Efn Scott's grandfather, Charles Hodge, was the longtime president of Princeton Theological Seminary. His great-uncle was David Hunter, a United States military officer.Template:Sfn

Scott grew up in Danville and in Princeton, New Jersey, where he was educated at The Lawrenceville School.Template:Sfn He attended Princeton University, before being accepted into the United States Military Academy at West Point.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn His great-uncle Hunter helped secure him a position at the academy in 1871.Template:Sfn

Military career

Scott graduated from West Point with the Class of 1876 (his Cullum number was 2628), and was commissioned in the cavalry.Template:Sfn He was initially assigned to the 9th United States Cavalry, but three weeks after his graduation George Armstrong Custer and many of his 7th United States Cavalry Regiment were killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn so he was reassigned to the 7th. He was sent to Fort Lincoln in the Dakota Territory and was briefly quartered in Custer's former home. While there he learned Sioux and sign language.Template:Sfn

Indian Wars

In 1876, he was sent down the Missouri River with orders to disarm Sioux people allegedly arming Crazy Horse. In 1877, he was sent with 10 soldiers and 35 Cheyenne scouts to determine if the Sioux were forming war parties. Later that year he accompanied a supply train to Fort Custer and during his return he stopped to stay with members of the Crow tribe.Template:Sfn After his stay, he found he preferred Crow horses.Template:Sfn He was promoted to first lieutenant in June 1878.

In the fall of 1878, he was transferred to Fort Totten where met and married Mary Merrill, the daughter of General Lewis Merrill. They had a son, David Hunter Scott, while in the Dakota Territory. In 1886, he was transferred to Philadelphia to focus on recruitment, which he considered a career setback.Template:Sfn

In August 1889 he was transferred to Fort Sill in the Indian Territory. He traveled by train to Henrietta, Texas, before taking a wagon to the fort.Template:Sfn While Scott was apprehensive about future relations with the neighboring Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, his knowledge of sign language impressed them. The Comanche would call him Molay-tay-quop, or He Talks With Hands. About this time, Scott met I-See-O of the Kiowa tribe who would become a chief intermediary between the various groups.Template:Sfn

Scott was placed in command of Troop L of the 7th Cavalry on March 29, 1891, and of a detachment of Indian Scouts on September 18, 1891.

When Scott was given command of Troop L of the regiment in 1891, he had I-See-O serve as his first sergeant. (Infantry regiments designated Company I for their Native American scouts, and cavalry regiments did the same with Troop L.) During the ghost dance phenomenon of the early 1890s, I-See-O helped in persuading the Apache and Kiowa tribes not to go to war. This action, while serving the interest of white settlers and speculators, undoubtedly also saved the lives of many Native Americans. Scott's gratitude to I-See-O was such that, when he was chief of staff of the army, he allowed for Sergeant I-See-O to remain on active duty for life.Template:Sfn

In 1890–91, he was given the responsibility for suppressing the "Ghost Dance" religious movement that swept the Indian reservations and received official commendation for that work. In 1892, he organized Troop L of the 7th Cavalry, composed of Kiowa, Comanche and Apache Indians, and commanded it until it was mustered out, the last Indian unit in the United States Army, in 1897. In 1894–97, he had charge of Geronimo's band of Chiricahua Apache Indian prisoners at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.Template:Sfn He was promoted to captain in January 1895, having served as a first lieutenant for 16+1⁄2 years. In November 1897, he was attached to the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution, where he began preparing a work on Indian sign languages.

Spanish American War

In May 1898, after the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, he was appointed major of volunteers and assistant adjutant general of the 2nd and 3rd Divisions, I Corps. In March 1899 went to Cuba as adjutant general of the Department of Havana, with the rank of lieutenant colonel of volunteers.

In May 1900, he became adjutant general of the Department of Cuba and remained in that post until May 1902.Template:Sfn During that time, he served for a time as acting governor and took an active part in the transfer of government into Cuban hands. He was promoted to major in the Regular Army in February 1903 and served as military governor of the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, in 1903–06 and also commanded troops there, taking part in various skirmishes, reorganized the civil government and institutions. During this assignment he received two Silver Star citations for gallantry in action.Template:Sfn

File:Major Hugh Scott, Military Governor of the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, Sultan Jamalul Kiram II, interpreter Charles Schuck, and local government officials and hadjis, dressed to call on LCCN2016650207.jpg

Military Governor Hugh Scott and Sultan Jamalul Kiram II of Sulu along with local government officials and hadjis (Template:Circa)

General Scott at Camp Dix

General Scott at Camp Dix.

Later Indian Wars

In August 1906, he was named superintendent of the United States Military Academy, a post he held for four years with the temporary rank of colonel.Template:Sfn He was promoted to permanent lieutenant colonel in March 1911 and to colonel in August of the same year. He then commanded the 3rd United States Cavalry Regiment in Texas, engaged in settling various Indian troubles.

File:December 1917 detail, 111-SC-2355 - General Hugh L. Scott and staff at Base Hospital Number 2 - NARA - 55166065 (cropped).jpg

Major General Hugh L. Scott and members of his staff at a base hospital, December 1917

In March 1913, Scott was promoted to brigadier general in command of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade, still posted to the Southwest. He won a special commendation for his skillful handling of Navajo disturbances at Beautiful Mountain, Arizona, in November 1913. He was named assistant chief of staff in April 1914 and chief of staff of the United States Army from 1914 to 1917, including the first few months of American involvement in World War I. He was promoted to major general in April 1915. He continued to act in a diplomatic role with Indians and Mexican border officials in the Southwest, settling problems with the Paiutes of Utah in March 1915 and recovering property "confiscated" by Pancho Villa in August.Template:Sfn

World War I

From February to March 1916, Scott served as ad-interim secretary of war but his energies were directed more toward preparation for possible U.S. entry into World War I. He was very influential in winning early acceptance among civil officials of the notion of conscription.

File:RUSSIA WAR PICTURES. GENERAL SCOTT ON EASTERN FRONT LCCN2016868214.jpg

Major General Hugh L. Scott on the Russian Eastern Front, 1917

From May to August 1917, after the official American entry into World War I, he was sent to Russia as a member of the Root Mission, led by Elihu Root, with the intention of keeping Russia in the war.Template:Sfn

He retired at the statutory age of 64 on 22 September 1917 and was succeeded as chief of staff by Tasker H. Bliss. Scott was immediately recalled to active duty.Template:Sfn He served stateside and became commander of the 78th Division at Camp Dix, New Jersey, in December and of Camp Dix again in March 1918. His services during the war resulted in him being awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal.

Retirement, death, and legacy

Scott retired finally in May 1919 and served on the Board of Indian Commissioners from 1919 to 1929 and was chairman of the New Jersey State Highway Commission from 1923 to 1933. In 1928, Scott published an autobiography, Some Memories of a Soldier, a memoir of his 41 years in the United States Army.

Scott died in Washington, D.C., on April 30, 1934, and was buried among many other family members in Section 2 of Arlington National Cemetery.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

There is a large bas relief memorial plaque in his honor in the Washington National Cathedral. His papers are held by the Library of Congress and Princeton University.

The various Army bases previously named for Confederate generals received those names on Scott's watch as Chief of Staff, of which he was justifiably proud even though it took place during his participation in the Root Mission to the Russian Provisional Government.

Namesake

• The US Navy lead transport ship Template:USS
• Scott Middle School in Fort Knox, Kentucky

In popular culture

General Scott appears as a character in The Friends of Pancho Villa (1996), a historical novel by James Carlos Blake.

Awards

• Distinguished Service Medal
• Indian Campaign Medal
• Spanish War Service Medal
• Philippine Campaign Medal
• Army of Cuban Occupation Medal
• Mexican Service Medal
• Victory Medal

Dates of rank

File:U.S. Military Academy Coat of Arms.svg United States Military Academy Cadet – class of 1876

Insignia	Rank	Component	Date
No pin insignia in 1876	Second lieutenant	Regular Army	15 June 1876
File:US-O2 insignia.svg	First lieutenant	Regular Army	28 June 1878
File:US-O3 insignia.svg	Captain	Regular Army	24 January 1895
File:US-O4 insignia.svg	Major	Volunteers	12 May 1898
File:US-O5 insignia.svg	Lieutenant colonel	Volunteers	17 August 1899
File:US-O4 insignia.svg	Major	Regular Army	25 February 1903
File:US-O6 insignia.svg	Colonel (temporary)	Regular Army	31 August 1906
File:US-O5 insignia.svg	Lieutenant colonel	Regular Army	3 March 1911
File:US-O6 insignia.svg	Colonel	Regular Army	18 August 1911
File:US-O7 insignia.svg	Brigadier general	Regular Army	23 March 1913
File:US-O8 insignia.svg	Major general	Regular Army	30 April 1915
File:US-O8 insignia.svg	Major general	Retired List	22 September 1917

Works

• Some Memories of a Soldier (1928), New York : The Century Company, xvii, 673 p., [52] leaves of plates.
• Selected Kiowa Stories from the Papers of Hugh Lenox Scott (1920; Digitized page images & text)

External links

• Hugh Lenox Scott Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University

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