Tlatoani

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File:Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg
17th-century depiction of tlahtoāni Nezahualpiltzintli of Texcoco from the Codex Ixtlilxochitl.

Template:Infobox former monarchy Tlahtoāni[1] (Template:Langx Script error: No such module "IPA"., "ruler, sovereign"; plural Script error: No such module "Lang".[2] Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a historical title used by the dynastic rulers of Script error: No such module "Lang". (singular āltepētl, often translated into English as "city-state"), autonomous political entities formed by many pre-Columbian Nahuatl-speaking peoples in the Valley of Mexico during the Postclassic Period. The title of Template:Ill (Script error: No such module "IPA"., "great ruler, emperor") was used by the rulers of the Aztec Empire, an alliance between the āltepēmeh of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan.[3]

Each āltepētl had its own tlahtoāni who would concurrently function as its ruler, high priest and commander-in-chief. The tlahtoāni wielded ultimate authority over all land within the āltepētl, overseeing tribute collection, market activities, temple affairs, and the resolution of judicial disputes.[4] Typically a dynastic ruler hailing from the royal lineage, the tlahtoāni served for life. However, in certain instances, a council of nobles, elders, and priests could elect a tlahtoāni from a pool of four candidates.[5]

Etymology

The term Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".) is an agent noun derived from the verb Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning "to speak", thereby carrying the literal meaning of "one who speaks". In English, it has been translated variously as "king", "sovereign", "ruler" or, based on its etymology, "speaker". It takes the plural form Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".), and the construct form Script error: No such module "Lang"., as in Script error: No such module "Lang". ("rulership, realm"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("royal lands"), and Script error: No such module "Lang". ("royal palace").[6]

Related titles include Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".), given to princes and other prominent noblemen, and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".), used to designate noblewomen including consorts or princesses.[7]

Commanding hierarchy

The cihuācōātl was the second in command after the tlahtoāni, was a member of the nobility, served as the supreme judge for the court system, appointed all lower court judges, and handled the financial affairs of the āltepētl.[4]

Tlahtoāni during times of war

During times of war, the tlahtoāni would be in charge of creating battle plans, and making strategies for his army. He would draft these plans after receiving information from various scouts, messengers, and spies who were sent out to an enemy āltepētl (city-state). Detailed information was presented to him from those reports to be able to construct a layout of the enemy. This was essential because this ensured the safety and success of each battle.

These layouts would be heavily detailed from city structures to surrounding area. The tlahtoāni would be the most informed about any conflict and would be the primary decision maker during war.[8]

He would also be in charge of gaining support from allied rulers by sending gifts and emissaries from his city-state. During warfare the tlahtoāni would be informed immediately of deaths and captures of his warriors. He would also be in charge of informing his citizens about fallen or captive warriors, and would present gifts to the successful ones.

Tlahtohqueh of Tenochtitlan

File:Moctezuma Xocoyotzin.png
Moctezuma II, sixth huēyi tlahtoāni of the Aztec Triple Alliance

There were eleven tlahtohqueh of Tenochtitlan. Beginning with Itzcoatl, the tlahtoāni of Tenochtitlan was also the huēyi tlahtoāni of the Aztec Empire.

  1. Acamapichtli: 1376–1395
  2. Huitzilihuitl: 1395–1417
  3. Chimalpopoca: 1417–1427
  4. Itzcoatl: 1427–1440
  5. Moctezuma I: 1440–1469
  6. Axayacatl: 1469–1481
  7. Tizoc: 1481–1486
  8. Ahuitzotl: 1486–1502
  9. Moctezuma II: 1502–1520
  10. Cuitláhuac: 1520
  11. Cuauhtémoc: 1520–1521

See also

References

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  1. ↑ The term is commonly spelled tlatoani, as frequently utilized in historical Spanish and Nahuatl documents from the colonial period, as well as in contemporary Spanish usage, whence the term came into English.
  2. ↑ Frequently spelled tlatoque, omitting the indication of the saltillo (glottal stop), represented by the letter ⟨h⟩ in certain contemporary sources and modern academic references.
  3. ↑ Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p.3), who pre. See also the entry for "TLAHTOANI" Template:Webarchive, in Wimmer (2006)
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Nahuatl dictionary (1997). Wired humanities project. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from link
  7. ↑ Schroeder (2007, pp.3–4). See also the entry for "CIHUATLAHTOANI" Template:Webarchive in Wimmer (2006)
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

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Further reading

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