List of Hittite kings

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File:Yazilikaya.TudhaliyaIV.jpg
Tudḫaliya IV of the New Kingdom, Template:Reignc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1245–1215 BC.[1]

The dating and sequence of Hittite kings is compiled by scholars from fragmentary records, supplemented by the finds in Ḫattuša and other administrative centers of cuneiform tablets and more than 3,500 seal impressions providing the names, titles, and sometimes ancestry of Hittite kings and officials. Given the nature of the source evidence, reconstructions vary among scholars, and the dating or even existence, relationships and sequence of some kings is disputed at several point within Hittite history. The list below indicates instances of such debates, with references.

All dates in the list below should be considered approximate. Hittite Chronology is almost completely dependent on synchronisms with other ancient Near Eastern countries.[2] Such synchronisms are few and usually open to interpretation. Muršili I is believed to have overthrown Samsu-ditāna, the last king of the Amorite dynasty of Babylon, but the dating of this event varies widely across chronological schemes based on interpretations of the records of observation of Venus during the reign of Samsu-ditāna's predecessor. These have resulted in several chronologies for Mesopotamia. In reference to the capture of Babylon by Muršili I, these are High (1651 BC), Middle (1595 BC), Low (1531 BC), and Ultra-Low (1499 BC),[3] with additional variants such as the lower Middle Chronology (1587 BC).[4] The distinction between these Mesopotamian chronological models disappears in the Late Bronze Age. Egyptian chronology is also subject to variant interpretations, resulting in three leading options, High (1304 BC), Middle (1290 BC), and Low (1279 BC), for the accession of Ramesses II, the contemporary of the Hittite kings Muwatalli II and Ḫattušili III.[5] Assuming the preferred Low Chronology for Egypt, Ramesses II fought Muwatalli II at Kadesh in 1274 BC (Year 5), concluded a peace treaty with Ḫattušili III in 1259 BC (Year 21), and married the latter's daughter Maathorneferure in 1246 BC (Year 34).[6]

On the Hittite side there are very few precise indicators. The "Apology" of Ḫattušili III indicates that his nephew and predecessor Muršili III reigned for 7 years.[7] A text of Muršili II records an omen of the sun at the beginning of the campaign season against Azzi-Ḫayaša, in Year 9 or 10 of the reign. It is often considered to have been a solar eclipse, with current scholarly opinion divided between one on 24 June 1312 BC (which was visible from central Anatolia but seemingly late in the year, apparently adopted in the chronologies of Amélie Kuhrt and Trevor Bryce) and one on 13 April 1308 BC (which was earlier in the year but marginally visible, from eastern Anatolia, apparently adopted in the chronology of Jacques Freu).[8]

The lists below use variations of the Mesopotamian Middle Chronology, the most generally accepted chronology of the Ancient Near East and the chronology that accords best with Hittite evidence.[9] The variants represented below derive from three comprehensive reconstructions of the chronological sequence of rulers, by Amélie Kuhrt (1995), Trevor Bryce (2005), and Jacques Freu (2007). All regnal dates remain approximations.

Old kingdom

Ruler Reign (MC, Kuhrt, Bryce)[1][10] Reign (MC, Freu)[11] Lineage and notes
Ḫuzziya (I) (omits) c. Template:Trim – c. 1650 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Father or father-in-law of Labarna;[12] existence disputed.[1]
Labarna I c. Template:Trim – c. 1650 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] c. Template:Trim – c. 1625 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Traditional founder of the royal line; son or son-in-law of Ḫuzziya;[14] existence disputed.[1]
Ḫattušili ITemplate:Efn c. Template:Trim – c. 1620 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1600 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Nephew of the wife of Labarna I[15]
Muršili I c. Template:Trim – c. 1590 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1585 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Grandson of Ḫattušili I.[15] Sacked Babylon c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..[1][16]
Ḫantili I c. Template:Trim – c. 1560 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1570 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Brother-in-law of Muršili I[15]
Zidanta I c. Template:Trim – c. 1550 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1570 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son-in-law of Ḫantili I[15]
Ammuna c. Template:Trim – c. 1530 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1550 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Zidanta I[15]
Ḫuzziya I (II) c. Template:Trim – c. 1525 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1550 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Ammuna (?)[15]
Telipinu c. Template:Trim – c. 1500 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1530 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Brother-in-law of Ḫuzziya I[15]

Middle kingdom (often not distinguished from Old kingdom)

Ruler Reign (MC, Kuhrt, Bryce)[1][17] Reign (MC, Freu)[18] Lineage and notes
Alluwamna c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1515 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son-in-law of Telipinu[15]
Ḫantili II c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1505 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Alluwamna[15]
Taḫurwaili c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1500 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Cousin of Telipinu;[19] placement uncertain[20]
Zidanta IITemplate:Efn c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1485 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Ḫaššuili, a possible brother of Ḫantili II;[21][15]
Ḫuzziya II (III) c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1470 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son or son-in-law of Zidanta II (?);[22]
Muwatalli I c. Template:Trim – c. 1430 [23]/1400 BC [24]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1465 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Unclear lineage[15]

New kingdom

Ruler Cartouche Reign (MC, Kuhrt)[1][25] Reign (MC, Bryce)[26] Reign (MC, Freu)[27] Lineage and notes
Tudḫaliya I File:Tudhaliya cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. 1410/1400 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1440 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Kantuzzili, descendant of Zidanta II (?)[28] Identity disputed (= Tudḫaliya II ?)[29]
Ḫattušili II File:Hattusili cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. 1400/1390 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1425 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Tudḫaliya I (?)[30] Existence disputed [31]
Tudḫaliya II File:Tudhaliya cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. 1390/1370 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1390 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Ḫattušili II (?)[32] Identity disputed (= Tudḫaliya I ?)[33]
Arnuwanda I c. Template:Trim – c. 1380/1355 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1370 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Adopted son and son-in-law of Tudḫaliya II[15]
Tudḫaliya IIITemplate:Efn File:Tudhaliya cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. 1370/1344 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1350 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1350 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Arnuwanda I[15]
Tudḫaliya the Younger (?) (omits) (omits) (omits) Son of Tudḫaliya III. Rule disputed.
Šuppiluliuma I File:Suppiluliuma cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. 1330/1322 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1322 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1319 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Adopted son and son-in-law of Tudḫaliya III[34][15] Expanded the empire. Mentioned in the Amarna letters.[35]
Arnuwanda II c. Template:Trim – c. 1330/1321 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1321 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1318 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Šuppiluliuma I[15]
Muršili II File:Mursili cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. 1295 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1295 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1295 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Šuppiluliuma I[15]
Muwatalli IITemplate:Efn File:Muwatalli II cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. 1282/1272 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1272 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1272 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Muršili II[15] Fought at the Battle of Kadesh.
Muršili IIITemplate:Efn File:Mursili cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. 1275/1264 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1267 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1265 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Muwatalli II[15]
Ḫattušili III File:Hattusili cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. 1245/1239 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1237 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1240 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Muršili II[15] Signatory of the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty.
Tudḫaliya IVTemplate:Efn File:Tudhaliya (IV) cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. 1215/1209 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1209 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1215 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Ḫattušili III[15] Fought at the Battle of Nihriya.
Arnuwanda III c. Template:Trim – c. 1210/1205 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1207 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1210 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Son of Tudḫaliya IV[15]
Šuppiluliuma IITemplate:Efn File:Suppiluliuma cartouche.svg c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. ? BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". c. Template:Trim – c. 1185 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[36] Son of Tudḫaliya IV[15] Last known king before the Late Bronze Age collapse and end of the kingdom.

Bibliography

  • Bilgin, Tayfun (2018), Official and Administration in the Hittite World, Berlin.
  • Beckman, Gary (2000), "Hittite Chronology," Akkadica 119-120 (2000) 19-32.
  • Bryce, Trevor (2005), The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford.
  • Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2007), Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris.
  • Gautschy, Rita (2017), "Remarks Concerning the Alleged Solar Eclipse of Muršili II," Altorientalische Forschungen 44 (2017) 23-29.
  • Höglmayer, Felix, and Sturt W. Manning, "A Synchronized Early Middle Bronze Age Chronology for Egypt, the Levant, and Mesopotamia," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 81 (2022) 1-24.
  • Huber, Peter J. (2001), "The Solar Omen of Muršili II," Journal of the American Oriental Society 121 (2001): 640-644.
  • De Jong, Teije, and Victoria Foertmeyer (2010), "A New Look at the Venus Observations of Ammisaduqa," Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux 42 (2010) 141-157.
  • Kuhrt, Amélie (1995, reprinted 2020), The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One, Routledge.
  • Wilhelm, Gernot (2004), "Generation Count in Hittite Chronology," in Hermann Hunger and Regine Pruzsinszky (eds.), Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited, Vienna: 71-79.

See also

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  • List of Neo-Hittite kings, for the rulers of the Neo-Hittite states, some of whom were direct descendants of the Hittite kings
    • The rulers of Carchemish in particular presented themselves as successors of the Hittite kings and ruled in northern Syria until defeated by the Assyrians in 717 BC.
  • History of the Hittites
  • Tawananna, for Hittite queens

Notes

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References

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Kuhrt 1995: 229-231; Bryce 2005: 376-382.
  3. ↑ Bryce 2005: 378.
  4. ↑ De Jong & Foertmeyer 2010; for an overview vis-à-vis recent scientific dating, see Höglmayer & Manning 2022.
  5. ↑ Kuhrt 1995: 205.
  6. ↑ Bryce 2005: 234, 277, 282.
  7. ↑ Bryce 2005: 261.
  8. ↑ Beckman 2000: 22 in favor of 1312 BC; Huber 2001: 640-644 prefers an earlier eclipse in 1340 BC on purely astronomical grounds; Wilhelm 2004: 74, 76 considers both 1312 BC and 1308 BC; Gautschy 2017 considers the eclipse in 1308 BC both possible and preferable.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Bryce 2005: xv uses the same dates.
  11. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 25.
  12. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 52-55.
  13. ↑ Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta", in Journal of Cuneiform Studies 72 (2020): "...Recently, Forlanini proposed that the text's author was not Muršili I but rather Ḫattušili I, who tells about the times of his predecessor Labarna I (ca. 1680(?)–1650 BCE)..."
  14. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 52-55.
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Bryce 2005: xv.
  18. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 25.
  19. ↑ Birgit Brandau, Hartmut Schickert: Hethiter Die unbekannte Weltmacht
  20. ↑ Kuhrt 1995: 230 and Bryce 2005: xv tentatively place Taḫurwaili after Telipinu; Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 25 place Taḫurwaili after Ḫantili II.
  21. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 166.
  22. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 172.
  23. ↑ Kuhrt 1995: 230.
  24. ↑ Bryce 2005: xv.
  25. ↑ Kuhrt 1995's variant dates for Hittite New Kingdom reigns correspond to the Egyptian Middle and Low Chronology dates for Ramesses II, with his accession in 1290 BC or 1279 BC, respectively.
  26. ↑ Bryce 2005: xv; this author tentatively treats Tudḫaliya I and Tudḫaliya II as a single king, whom he designates Tudḫaliya I/II.
  27. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 25.
  28. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 311; Kuhrt 1995: 230.
  29. ↑ Bryce 2005: 122-123.
  30. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 311; Kuhrt 1995: 230.
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 311; Kuhrt 1995: 230.
  33. ↑ Bryce 2005: 122-123.
  34. ↑ Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 200-201.
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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