Help:IPA/Russian

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Template:IPA key Template:Side box The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Template:Section link.

Russian distinguishes (both phonetically and orthographically) hard (velarized or uvularized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Soft consonants, most of which are denoted here by an IPA superscript Template:Angbr IPA, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. In native words, Script error: No such module "IPA". are always soft, whereas Script error: No such module "IPA". are always hard.[1]

See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

Consonants
Hard Soft
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Script error: No such module "Lang".[2] boot Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang, Template:Audio-lang beautiful
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[2] do Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[2] media
Template:IPA link[3] Template:Audio-lang jug Template:IPA link[3] Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Audio-lang[2] jig
Template:IPA link[3] Template:Audio-lang[2] lads Template:IPA link[3] Script error: No such module "Lang".[1] lad's young
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang;[2] Template:Audio-lang[4] fool Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[4] few
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang;[5][6] Template:Audio-lang[2] good Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang argue
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang;[5] Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".[2] loch (Scottish) but voiced Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".[2] Loch Ewe (Scottish) but voiced
— Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Audio-lang Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Audio-lang Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Audio-lang Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Audio-lang[7] yes
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang;[2] Template:Audio-lang[4] scar Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Script error: No such module "Lang". skew
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang[8] pill Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang failure
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang moot Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang mute
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang noon Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[9] vinyard
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang;[2] Template:Audio-lang[4] span Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[4] spew
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang American atom Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang American catty
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang;[2] Template:Audio-lang[4] soup Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang;[2] Template:Audio-lang[4] assume (RP)
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang;[2] Template:Audio-lang;[4] Template:Audio-lang[10] rush Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[2][11] wish sheep
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang;[2] Template:Audio-lang[4] stand Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[4] stew (RP)
Template:IPA link[3] Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang cats Template:IPA link[3] Script error: No such module "Lang".[1] cat's young
Template:IPA link[3] Template:Audio-lang[4] chop Template:IPA link[3] Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang chip
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Script error: No such module "Lang".;[6] Script error: No such module "Lang".[2] voodoo Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang view
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[5] loch (Scottish); ugh Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Audio-lang[5] huge (for some dialects)
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[2] zoo Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[2] presume (RP)
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Script error: No such module "Lang".[2] pleasure Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang;[12] Script error: No such module "Lang".[2] prestige genre
Stressed vowels
[-soft] [+soft]
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang father (Australian English) Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[13] pat
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang met Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[13] mace
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Script error: No such module "Lang". roses (for some dialects) Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang meet
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang chore Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[13] foot
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang cool Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[13] choose
Unstressed vowels
[-soft] [+soft]
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[14] about Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[15] lasagna
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[14] bud Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[16] bit
Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".[17] met
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang; Script error: No such module "Lang". roses (for some dialects)
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Script error: No such module "Lang".[17] chore Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".[13][18] foot
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang pull Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang; Template:Audio-lang[13] youth
Suprasegmental
IPA Example Explanation
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang Script error: No such module "IPA". stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable
Template:IPA link Template:Audio-lang Script error: No such module "IPA".[2] consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant

Notes

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  1. ↑ a b c Even though Script error: No such module "IPA". and its voicing Script error: No such module "IPA". are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except Script error: No such module "IPA".). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced Template:Harvcol.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h The affricates Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA". (and their voiced counterparts Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA".) are sometimes written with ligature ties: Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA". (Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA".). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k The voiced obstruents Script error: No such module "IPA". are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent Template:Harvcol.
  5. ↑ a b c d Template:Angbr is usually pronounced Template:IPAblink or (word-finally) Template:IPAblink in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". and Template:Audio-lang Script error: No such module "IPA"., and in the interjections Template:Audio-lang, Template:Audio-lang, Template:Audio-lang, Template:Audio-lang, and also in Template:Audio-lang Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Harvcol. Script error: No such module "IPA". devoices and lenites to Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce Template:Angbr as Template:IPAblink (soft Template:IPAblink, devoiced Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink) throughout.
  6. ↑ a b Intervocalic Template:Angbr represents Script error: No such module "IPA". in certain words (Template:Audio-lang, Template:Audio-lang, Script error: No such module "Lang". ), and in the genitive suffix Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Harvcol.
  7. ↑ The soft vowel letters Template:Angbr represent iotated vowels Script error: No such module "IPA"., except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for Template:Angbr, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the Script error: No such module "IPA". may not be present. The letter Template:Angbr produces iotated sound Script error: No such module "IPA". only after Script error: No such module "Lang"..
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "IPA". is often strongly pharyngealized Template:IPAblink, but that feature is not distinctive Template:Harvcol.
  9. ↑ Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
  10. ↑ Most speakers pronounce Template:Angbr in the pronoun Script error: No such module "Lang". and its derivatives as Script error: No such module "IPA".. All other occurrences of Script error: No such module "Lang". cluster stay as affricate and stop.
  11. ↑ Template:Angbr is sometimes pronounced as Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". and sometimes as Script error: No such module "IPA"., but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word Script error: No such module "Lang". sometimes has Script error: No such module "IPA". because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix Template:Angbr and the root Template:Angbr.
  12. ↑ Geminated Template:IPAblink is pronounced as soft Template:IPAblink, the voiced counterpart to Template:IPAblink, in a few lexical items (such as Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Template:Harvcoltxt).
  13. ↑ a b c d e f Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". become Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., respectively between palatalized consonants, Script error: No such module "IPA". is realized as Script error: No such module "IPA". before and between palatalized consonants and Script error: No such module "IPA". becomes Script error: No such module "IPA". after and between palatalized consonants.
  14. ↑ a b Unstressed Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA". in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and Script error: No such module "IPA". in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to Script error: No such module "IPA". only immediately before the stress, being realized Script error: No such module "IPA". otherwise.
  15. ↑ Only in certain word-final morphemes Template:Harvcol.
  16. ↑ Unstressed Script error: No such module "IPA". is pronounced as Script error: No such module "IPA". after Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr except when word-final.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  17. ↑ a b In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
  18. ↑ Unstressed Script error: No such module "IPA". only occurs in words of foreign origin.

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Template:SOWL
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

See also

Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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