Harrison, Arkansas

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Harrison is a city in and the county seat of Boone County, Arkansas, United States. It is named after Marcus LaRue Harrison, a surveyor who laid out the city along Crooked Creek at Stifler Springs.[1] As of the 2020 census, Harrison had a population of 13,069.[2] It is the 30th largest city in Arkansas, based on official 2019 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau.[3] Harrison is the principal city of the Harrison Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Boone and Newton counties.

The community has a history of racism; there were two race riots in the early 20th century and an influx of white supremacist organizations during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.[4]

History

File:Downtown Harrison, AR Courthouse Square.jpg
Harrison Courthouse Square, listed in the National Register of Historic Places

Precolonial history

Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants of the area, probably beginning with cliff dwellers who lived in caves in the bluffs along the rivers. In later times, the Osage, a Siouan speaking people, were the main tribe in the Ozarks, and one of their larger villages is thought to have been to the east of the present site of Harrison. The Shawnee, Quapaw, and Caddo people were also familiar to the area.

The Cherokee arrived around 1816 with the Benge Route of the Trail of Tears. The Cherokee did not get along with the existing Osage, and this hostility erupted into a full-scale war in the Ozark Mountains. By the 1830s, both tribes were removed to Indian Territory.Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".

19th century

The first settlement at what would become Harrison was named Crooked Creek, after the creek that continues to run through the town today. The Crooked Creek Post Office was established in 1836, and it's first postmaster was Joseph Hickman. A second settlement began concurrently nearby, and was named Stiffler Spring after the landowner of the property, Albert Stiffler. The two settlements would be joined together in the creation of Harrison in 1876.

The area was part of Carroll County until the creation of Boone County in 1869. Boone County was organized during Reconstruction after the Civil War due to the populace remaining to be Union leaning, compared to a very Confederate leaning Carroll County. Union Captain Henry W. Fick acted as area Judge and Sheriff from a log store near Stiffler Springs. Fick wanted to create a new town to become the county seat. He had Union Colonel Marcus LaRue Harrison survey and platted the town out the town. Harrison and his crew were surveying the area for the railroad. Harrison included wide streets and a courthouse square in his platting. Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".

Captain Fick donated land in 1860 for the first school in Harrison. Fick was also appointed postmaster, and renamed the Crooked Creek Post Office to the Harrison Post Office in 1870. In 1871 the U.S Government Land Office moved to Harrison. In 1870, Thomas Newman started The Boone County Advocate. In 1873, he created the Harrison Highlander, which he changed to the Harrison Times in 1876. The named changed again in 1919 to the Harrison Daily Times. Thomas Newman was elected Mayor of Harrison in 1882.

In early 1857, the Baker–Fancher wagon train assembled at Beller's Stand, south of Harrison. On September 11, 1857, approximately 120 members of this wagon train were murdered near Mountain Meadows, Utah Territory, by a local Mormon militia and members of the Paiute Indian tribe. In 1955, a monument to memorialize the victims of the massacre was placed on the Harrison town square.[5]

In 1880, accused arsonist William Arterberry was shot to death by a mob. In 1886, Andrew Mullican (a.k.a James Page) was lynched, after being taken from the jail by a mob, for murdering local James Hamilton.

20th century

Harrison race riots of 1905 and 1909

In 1905 and 1909, white race riots occurred in Harrison, which drove away black residents and established the community as one of hundreds of sundown towns in the country.[6][7]

In 1901, the building of the St. Louis and North Arkansas Railroad through Harrison bolstered the local economy. By 1912 the hedquarter of the Missouri and North Arkansas line was located in Harrison.[8] Economic hardship ensued following the railroad's bankruptcy on July 1, 1905.[8] On October 2, 1905, a white mob breached the Harrison jail, captured two Black prisoners, drove the prisoners outside city limits, whipped them, and threatened them to leave the community.[8] The white mob then went to the Black community and burned their houses and fired guns at their windows with the message that they should leave the town.[8] At least one person, railroad worker George Richards, was murdered during the event.[8] Local law enforcement declined to take action to press charges for the riot.[8]

On January 18, 1909, Charles Stinnett was arrested and charged with the rape of a white woman named Lovett.[8] Although Stinnett testified that he did not assault the woman and only meant to rob her, a jury sentenced him to hang on February 26, 1909. A mob arrived at the jail to lynch Stinnett after learning that Lovett was very ill, and the mob's presence forced many remaining Black residents out of Harrison on January 28, 1909. Stinnett was set to be hanged on March 24, 1909, but his execution was delayed for three hours because he was drunk. On the gallows, Stinnett confessed that he had attempted to rape the woman. He died as a result of strangulation from a failed hanging fifteen minutes, but fall knocked him unconscious and he died "without a struggle".[8]

Later 20th century

The bank robber and convicted murderer Henry Starr was in Harrison on February 18, 1921, when Starr and three companions entered the People's State Bank and robbed it of $6,000.00. During the robbery, Starr was shot by the former president of the bank, William J. Myers. Starr was carried to the town jail, where he died the next morning.[9]

On May 7, 1961, heavy rain caused Crooked Creek, immediately south of the downtown business district, to flood the town square and much of the southwestern part of the city. Water levels inside buildings reached Script error: No such module "convert".. Many small buildings and automobiles were swept away. According to the American Red Cross, four people died, 80 percent of the town's business district was destroyed, and over 300 buildings were damaged or destroyed in losses exceeding $5.4 million.[10] In 1962, Sam Walton opened his second Walmart store in Harrison.[11]

In 1982, Kingdom Identity Ministries, an anti-gay Christian Identity outreach ministry identified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center, was founded in Harrison.[12][13]

21st century

File:Peace March Harrison AR.jpg
Peace March in Harrison in 2017

Harrison's Community Task Force on Race Relations[4] was established in 2003 to "promote diversity and respond to racial-bias accusations against the city".[14] City officials have made efforts to counteract organized racist activity with educational forums and billboards promoting tolerance.[15] They also attempted to downplay the city's racist reputation and improve its image by editing the town's Wikipedia article.[14]

In 2014, a peace march and vigil celebrating the life and legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. was held in downtown Harrison, hosted by the Arkansas Martin Luther King Jr. Commission.[16][17] In December of the same year, a dedication was held for a Confederate monument in Harrison.[18]

In 2017, Mayor Dan Sherrell and Boone County Judge Robert Hathaway signed proclamations recognizing June as Confederate Heritage and History Month.[19]

Kevin Cheri, who became the first African-American employed in the area in 1978, received death threats shortly after his arrival, which prompted him to leave the area. He returned in 2007, and in 2019 was recognized by Mayor Jerry Jackson when Harrison issued its first-ever Black History Month proclamation.[20]

In June 2020, a group of around 300 gathered in Harrison to protest police brutality in the murder of George Floyd while 15 people armed with rifles and displaying Confederate and American flags looked on.[21]

As of October 2023,Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". the Southern Poverty Law Center has said that Kingdom Identity Ministries (founded in Harrison) has a location in the city.[22]

Geography

U.S. Routes 62, 65, and 412 pass through Harrison. U.S. 65 leads north Script error: No such module "convert". to Branson, Missouri, and south Script error: No such module "convert". to Conway, Arkansas. U.S. 62 leads west Script error: No such module "convert". to Eureka Springs and beyond to Rogers and Bentonville. U.S. 412 leads west Script error: No such module "convert". to Springdale. U.S. 62 and 412 combined lead east Script error: No such module "convert". to Mountain Home.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of Script error: No such module "convert"., of which Script error: No such module "convert". is land and Script error: No such module "convert"., or 0.26%, is water.[3]

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Harrison has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[23]

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Demographics

Racial and ethnic composition

Harrison, Arkansas – racial and ethnic composition
<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css"/>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[24] Pop 2010[25] Pop 2020[26] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 11,714 12,245 11,501 96.40% 94.61% 88.00%
Black or African American alone (NH) 14 32 53 0.12% 0.25% 0.41%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 85 82 85 0.70% 0.63% 0.65%
Asian alone (NH) 61 94 148 0.50% 0.73% 1.13%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH) 2 5 14 0.02% 0.04% 0.11%
Other race alone (NH) 3 7 39 0.02% 0.05% 0.30%
Mixed-race or multiracial (NH) 87 192 727 0.72% 1.48% 5.56%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 186 286 502 1.53% 2.21% 3.84%
Total 12,152 12,943 13,069 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

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Historical population
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1880582—
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19707,239Script error: No such module "String".%
19809,567Script error: No such module "String".%
19909,922Script error: No such module "String".%
200012,152Script error: No such module "String".%
201012,943Script error: No such module "String".%
202013,069Script error: No such module "String".%
2025 (est.)13,802IncreaseScript error: No such module "String".%
U.S. Decennial Census[27]

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2020 census

As of the 2020 census, Harrison had a population of 13,069. The median age was 40.6 years. 21.8% of residents were under the age of 18 and 21.5% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 88.6 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 84.3 males age 18 and over.[28][29]

98.6% of residents lived in urban areas, while 1.4% lived in rural areas.[30]

There were 5,731 households and 3,198 families in Harrison, of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 39.0% were married-couple households, 20.0% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 34.8% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 36.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[28]

There were 6,301 housing units, of which 9.0% were vacant. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.9% and the rental vacancy rate was 7.3%.[28]

Harrison racial composition[29]
Race Number Percentage
White (non-Hispanic) 11,501 88.0%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 53 0.41%
Native American 85 0.65%
Asian 148 1.13%
Pacific Islander 14 0.11%
Other/mixed 766 5.86%
Hispanic or Latino 502 3.84%

2010 census

As of the census[31] of 2010, there were 12,943 people and 6,043 housing units in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 96.2% White, 0.3% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.7% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, and 1.6% from two or more races. 2.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

23.2% of the population was under the age of 18, and 19.0% were 65 years of age or older. Females made up 53.1% of the population, and males made up 46.9% of the population.

The median income for the period 2007–11 for a household in the city was $33,244, and the number of people living below the poverty level was 15.1%. The median value of owner-occupied housing units was $108,700.[32]

Economy

Harrison is home of the general office of FedEx Freight, a leading Less-Than-Load (LTL) freight carrier. Arkansas Freightways, later renamed to American Freightways, was combined with Viking Freight to become FedEx Freight in February 2001.[33]

Major employers

  • FedEx Freight Inc. (trucking and distribution)
  • North Arkansas Regional Medical Center (medical services)
  • Walmart Inc. (retail)
  • Pace Industries (aluminum die-casting)
  • Claridge Products and Equipment, Inc. (markerboards, chalkboards and bulletin boards)
  • Windstream (telecommunications)
  • Wabash Wood Products (trailer floor manufacturing)
  • North Arkansas College (education)
  • WestRock, formerly RockTenn Company (folding paperboard cartons)[34]

Architecture

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File:Downtown Harrison, Arkansas aerial view from hot air balloon.jpg
Lake Harrison Park and downtown Harrison viewed from a hot air balloon during the Balloon Festival

The Boone County Courthouse, built in 1909, and the Boone County Jail, built in 1914, were both designed by architect Charles L. Thompson and are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[35]

Arts and culture

Annual cultural events

File:Balloon Festival Harrison, Arkansas.png
Hot air balloons from across the United States attend this annual two-day event.
File:Crawdad Days Festival Harrison, Arkansas.jpg
Crawdad Days (2008) at Crooked Creek, an annual festival

Harrison hosts the annual Arkansas Hot Air Balloon races each September,[36] Crawdad Days Music Festival each May,[37] a Harvest Homecoming festival each October,[38] and Christmas celebration in December.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Museums and other points of interest

File:Hotel Seville Harrison Arkansas.jpg
Spanish Revival (Mission) styled historic hotel (opened in 1929) in downtown Harrison, Arkansas

The National Trust for Historic Preservation has recognized the Harrison Courthouse Square Historic District. It contains a large number of the city's original commercial and governmental structures, including the still-used courthouse in the center of the square, the recently refurbished Lyric Theater, and the 1929 Hotel Seville, which underwent a complete restoration in 2008.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:Historic Lyric Theatre Harrison, Arkansas.jpg
The Lyric Theatre in downtown Harrison hosts plays, concerts and films.

Ozark Arts Council

The Ozarks Arts Council is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization established in 1996 with the mission "To enrich lives by promoting the arts in Harrison and North Arkansas through exhibitions, performances, and education."[39] It provides administrative support and distributes financial and in-kind donations to its member organizations:

  • The Theatre Company
  • Northark Drama
  • Twentieth Century Club
  • Woman's Book Club
  • Ozark Children's Choir

The historic Lyric Theatre is managed by the Ozark Arts Council. Originally opened as a movie theater in 1929, it is now used for plays, community events, old movies and other gatherings.[40]

Parks and recreation

Harrison serves as the National Park Service's Buffalo National River headquarters. The park was established in the 1970s, and was the nation's first national river.[41] The river flows for Script error: No such module "convert"., and there are over 59 different species of fish in it.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:Anstaff Bank Soccer Complex Aerial View Harrison, Arkansas.jpg
Anstaff Bank Soccer Complex
File:Equity Bank Sports Complex Field View Harrison, Arkansas.jpg
Equity Bank Sports Complex
File:Brandon Burlsworth Youth Center Harrison, Arkansas.jpg
Brandon Burlsworth Youth Center hosts basketball and volleyball for youth and high school teams.

Crooked Creek, a nationally recognized "Blue Ribbon" smallmouth bass fishery, flows through Harrison.[42]

As of May 2024, the Creekside Community Center is currently under construction. When complete, it will have an Olympic size pool, two more smaller pools, 2 high school regulation size basketball courts, and an indoor music venue. Construction is deemed to end before 2025.

Education

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File:Northark 001.jpg
Northark College

Residents are served by the Harrison School District. The Harrison High School mascot is the Golden Goblin. Harrison is also home to North Arkansas College (Northark). The Harrison School District had been a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools since 1936 until its dissolution in 2014. It is now a member of the AdvancED commission.

Media

Print

Harrison and Boone County have been served by the local newspaper The Harrison Daily Times[43] since 1876.[44]

Radio

Radio stations broadcasting from Harrison[45] include:

  • KBPB 91.9 FM (Religious)
  • KCWD 96.1 FM (Classic Rock)
  • KHBZ 102.9 FM (Country)
  • KHOZ 900 AM (Nostalgia)
  • KHOZ 94.9 FM (Nostalgia)
  • KBHQ 100.7 FM (Classic Rock)

Television

Harrison has two stations of its own, including KXMP-LD and K26GS-D (both in Harrison proper). Harrison KTKO-TV 8.1, also known as TKO 8, provides coverage for local events including Goblin Sports, Harrison City Council meetings, and Boone County Quorum Court meetings.[46] It is an affiliate of the Me-TV Network showing a wide range of classic television programming.[47] K26GS is a This TV affiliate and also provides local programming to Harrison. KWBM, a Daystar affiliate, is also licensed to Harrison, however its offices are in Springfield, while its transmitter is located in Taney County, Missouri. KWBM leases part of its signal to Springfield Fox affiliate KRBK, in order to relay reliable Fox TV coverage to Harrison and the southern portions of the Springfield TV market.

Harrison is part of the Springfield, Missouri, television market, and receives stations from Springfield, including KYTV (NBC), KOLR (CBS), KSPR (ABC), KOZL (MyNetworkTV), and KRBK (Fox).

It was also featured in a BBC TV show in the UK named Miriam's Big American Adventure, hosted by Miriam Margolyes.

Infrastructure

Transportation

A segment of the route between Seligman, Missouri and Harrison, Arkansas was operated as the Arkansas & Ozarks Railroad from 1948 to 1960.[48]

Harrison is served by Boone County Regional Airport. Scheduled flights from Harrison to Memphis, Tennessee, and Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas, are offered by Southern Airways Express. The closest airport with service from a carrier aside from Southern Airways Express is Branson Airport (served only by Frontier Airlines), and the closest airport served by multiple airlines or a legacy carrier is Northwest Arkansas National Airport.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Highways in the area include:

Health care

File:North Arkansas Regional Medical Center 001.jpg
North Arkansas Regional Medical Center

The North Arkansas Regional Medical Center is in Harrison.[49]

Notable people

In popular culture

In 2020, the video "Holding a Black Lives Matter Sign in America's Most Racist Town" was filmed in Harrison.[52][53][54][55]

See also

References

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  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Vance H. Trimble, Sam Walton: The Inside Story of America's Richest Man, pp.46–64 (Dutton, 1990)
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Further reading

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External links

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