Haplogroup I (mtDNA)

Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period in West Asia ; ; ). The haplogroup is unusual in that it is now widely distributed geographically, but is common in only a few small areas of East Africa, West Asia and Europe. It is especially common among the El Molo and Rendille peoples of Kenya, various regions of Iran, the Lemko people of Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine, the island of Krk in Croatia, the department of Finistère in France and some parts of Scotland and Ireland.

Origin

Haplogroup I is a descendant (subclade) of haplogroup N1a1b and sibling of haplogroup N1a1b1 . It is believed to have arisen somewhere in West Asia between 17,263 and 24,451 years before present (BP) , with coalescence age of 20.1 thousand years ago . It has been suggested that its origin may be in Iran or more generally the Near East . It has diverged to at least seven distinct clades i.e. branches I1–I7, dated between 16–6.8 thousand years . The hypothesis about its Near Eastern origin is based on the fact that all haplogroup I clades, especially those from Late Glacial period (I1, I4, I5, and I6), include mitogenomes from the Near East . The age estimates and dispersal of some subclades (I1, I2’3, I5) are similar to those of major subclades of the mtDNA haplogroups J and T, indicating possible dispersal of the I haplogroup into Europe during the Late Glacial period (c. 18–12 kya) and postglacial period (c. 10–11 kya), several millennia before the European Neolithic period. Some subclades (I1a1, I2, I1c1, I3) show signs of the Neolithic diffusion of agriculture and pastoralism within Europe .

A similar view puts more emphasis on the Persian Gulf region of the Near East . Template:Quote

Distribution

File:Spatial frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroups I.png

Projected frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup I

Haplogroup I is found at moderate to low frequencies in East Africa, Europe, West Asia and South Asia . In addition to the confirmed seven clades, the rare basal/paraphyletic clade I* has been observed in three individuals; two from Somalia and one from Iran .

Africa

The highest frequencies of mitochondrial haplogroup I observed so far appear in the Cushitic-speaking El Molo (23%) and Rendille (>17%) in northern Kenya . The clade is also found at comparable frequencies among the Soqotri (~22%).

Population	Location	Language Family	N	Frequency	Source
Amhara	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	1/120	0.83%
Egyptians	Egypt	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	2/34	5.9%
Beta Israel	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/29	0.00%
Dawro Konta	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Omotic	0/137	0.00%	and
Ethiopia	Ethiopia	Undetermined	0/77	0.00%
Ethiopian Jews	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/41	0.00%
Gurage	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	1/21	4.76%
Hamer	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Omotic	0/11	0.00%	and
Ongota	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/19	0.00%	and
Oromo	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/33	0.00%
Tigrai	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	0/44	0.00%
Daasanach	Kenya	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/49	0.00%
Elmolo	Kenya	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	12/52	23.08%	and
Luo	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/49	0.00%	and
Maasai	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/81	0.00%	and
Nairobi	Kenya	Niger-Congo	0/100	0.00%
Nyangatom	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	1/112	0.89%
Rendille	Kenya	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	3/17	17.65%	and
Samburu	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	3/35	8.57%	and
Turkana	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/51	0.00%	and
Hutu	Rwanda	Niger-Congo	0/42	0.00%
Dinka	Sudan	Nilo-Saharan	0/46	0.00%
Sudan	Sudan	Undetermined	0/102	0.00%
Burunge	Tanzania	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	1/38	2.63%
Datoga	Tanzania	Nilo-Saharan	0/57	0.00%	and
Iraqw	Tanzania	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/12	0.00%
Sukuma	Tanzania	Niger-Congo	0/32	0.00%	and
Turu	Tanzania	Niger-Congo	0/29	0.00%
Yemeni	Yemen	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	0/114	0.00%

Asia

Haplogroup I is present across West Asia and Central Asia, and is also found at trace frequencies in South Asia. Its highest frequency area is perhaps in northern Iran (9.7%). Terreros 2011 notes that it also has high diversity there and reiterates past studies that have suggested that this may be its place of origin. Found in Svan population from Georgia(Caucasus) I* 4.2%."Sequence polymorphisms of the mtDNA control region in a human isolate: the Georgians from Swanetia."Alfonso-Sánchez MA1, Martínez-Bouzas C, Castro A, Peña JA, Fernández-Fernández I, Herrera RJ, de Pancorbo MM. The table below shows some of the populations where it has been detected.

Population	Language Family	N	Frequency	Source
Baluch	Indo-European	0/39	0.00%
Brahui	Dravidian	0/38	0.00%
Caucasus (Georgia)*	Kartvelian	1/58	1.80%
Druze	–	11/311	3.54%
Gilaki	Indo-European	0/37	0.00%
Gujarati	Indo-European	0/34	0.00%
Hazara	Indo-European	0/23	0.00%
Hunza Burusho	Isolate	2/44	4.50%
India	–	8/2544	0.30%
Iran (North)	–	3/31	9.70%
Iran (South)	–	2/117	1.70%
Kalash	Indo-European	0/44	0.00%
Kurdish (Western Iran)	Indo-European	1/20	5.00%
Kurdish (Turkmenistan)	Indo-European	1/32	3.10%
Lur	Indo-European	0/17	0.00%
Makrani	Indo-European	0/33	0.00%
Mazandarian	Indo-European	1/21	4.80%
Pakistani	Indo-European	0/100	0.00%
Pakistan	–	1/145	0.69%
Parsi	Indo-European	0/44	0.00%
Pathan	Indo-European	1/44	2.30%
Persian	Indo-European	1/42	2.40%
Shugnan	Indo-European	1/44	2.30%
Sindhi	Indo-European	1/23	8.70%
Turkish (Azerbaijan)	Turkic	2/40	5.00%
Turkish (Anatolia)*	Turkic	1/50	2.00%
Turkmen	Turkic	0/41	0.00%
Uzbek	Turkic	0/42	0.00%

Europe

Eastern Europe

In Eastern Europe, the frequency of haplogroup I is generally lower than in Western Europe (1 to 3 percent), but its frequency is more consistent between populations with fewer places of extreme highs or lows. There are two notable exceptions. Nikitin 2009 found that Lemkos (a sub- or co-ethnic group of Rusyns) in the Carpathian Mountains have the "highest frequency of haplogroup I (11.3%) in Europe, identical to that of the population of Krk Island (Croatia) in the Adriatic Sea".

Population	N	Frequency	Source
Boyko	0/20	0.00%
Hutsul	0/38	0.00%
Lemko	6/53	11.32%
Belorussians	2/92	2.17%
Russia (European)	3/215	1.40%
Romanians (Constanta)	59	0.00%
Romanians (Ploiesti)	46	2.17%
Russia	1/50	2.0%
Ukraine	0/18	0.00%
Croatia (Mainland)	4/277	1.44%
Croatia (Krk)	15/133	11.28%
Croatia (Brač)	1/105	0.95%
Croatia (Hvar)	2/108	1.9%
Croatia (Korčula)	1/98	1%
Herzegovinians	1/130	0.8%
Bosnians	6/247	2.4%
Serbians	4/117	3.4%
Macedonians	2/146	1.4%
Macedonian Romani	7/153	4.6%
Slovenians	2/104	1.92%
Bosnians	4/144	2.78%
Poles	8/436	1.83%
Caucasus (Georgia)*	1/58	1.80%
Russians	5/201	2.49%
Bulgaria/Turkey	2/102	1.96%

Western Europe

In Western Europe, haplogroup I is most common in Northwestern Europe (Norway, the Isle of Skye, and the British Isles). The frequency in these areas is between 2 and 5 percent. Its highest frequency in Brittany, France where it is over 9 percent of the population in Finistère. It is uncommon and sometimes absent in other parts of Western Europe (Iberia, South-West France, and parts of Italy).

Population	Language	N	Frequency	Source
Austria/Switzerland	–	4/187	2.14%
Basque (Admix Zone)	Basque/Labourdin côtier-haut navarrais	0/56	0.00%
Basque (Araba)	Basque/Occidental	0/55	0.00%
Basque (Bizkaia)	Basque/Biscayen	1/59	1.69%
Basque (Central/Western Navarre )	Basque/Haut-navarrais méridional	2/63	3.17%
Basque (Gipuskoa)	Basque/Gipuzkoan	0/57	0.00%
Basque (Navarre Labourdin)	Basque/Bas-navarrais	0/68	0.00%
Basque (North/Western Navarre)	Basque/Haut-navarrais septentrional	0/51	0.00%
Basque (Roncal)	Basque/Roncalais-salazarais	0/55	0.00%
Basque (Soule)	Basque/Souletin	0/62	0.00%
Basque (South/Western Gipuskoa)	Basque/Biscayen	0/64	0.00%
Béarn	French	0/51	0.00%
Bigorre	French	0/44	0.00%
Burgos	Spanish	0/25	0.00%
Cantabria	Spanish	0/18	0.00%
Chalosse	French	0/58	0.00%
Denmark	–	6/105	5.71%
England/Wales	–	12/429	3.03%
Finland	–	1/49	2.04%
Finland/Estonia	–	5/202	2.48%
France (Finistère)	–	2/22	9.10%
France (Morbihan)	–	0/40	0.00%
France (Normandy)	–	0/39	0.00%
France (Périgord-Limousin)	-	2/72	2.80%
France (Var)	–	2/37	5.40%
France/Italy	–	2/248	0.81%
Germany	–	12/527	2.28%
Gran Canaria	-	6/214	2.80%
Iceland	–	21/467	4.71%
Ireland	–	3/128	2.34%
Italy (Tuscany)	–	2/48	4.20%
La Rioja	Spanish	1/51	1.96%
North Aragon	Spanish	0/26	0.00%
Orkney	–	5/152	3.29%
Saami	–	0/176	0.00%
Scandinavia	–	12/645	1.86%
Scotland	–	39/891	4.38%
Spain/Portugal	–	2/352	0.57%
Sweden	–	0/37	0.00%
Western Bizkaia	Spanish	0/18	0.00%
Western Isles/Isle of Skye	–	15/246	6.50%

Historic and prehistoric samples

Haplogroup I has until recently been absent from ancient European samples found in Paleolithic and Mesolithic grave sites. In 2017, in a site on Italian island of Sardinia was found a sample with the subclade I3 dated to 9124–7851 BC , while in the Near East, in Levant was found a sample with yet-not-defined subclade dated 8850–8750 BC, while in Iran was found a younger sample with subclade I1c dated to 3972–3800 BC . In Neolithic Spain (c. 6090–5960 BC in Paternanbidea, Navarre) was found a sample with yet-not-defined subclade . Haplogroup I displays a strong connection with the Indo-European migrations; especially its I1, I1a1 and I3a subclades, which have been found in Poltavka and Srubnaya cultures in Russia (Mathieson 2015), among ancient Scythians (Der Sarkissian 2011), and in Corded Ware and Unetice Culture burials in Saxony ().I3a has also been found in the Unetice Culture in Lubingine, Germany 2,200 B.C. to 1,800 B.C. courtesy article on Unetice Culture Wikipedia of 2 Skeletons that were DNA tested. Haplogroup I (with undetermined subclades) has also been noted at significant frequencies in more recent historic grave sites ( and ).

In 2013, Nature announced the publication of the first genetic study utilizing next-generation sequencing to ascertain the ancestral lineage of an Ancient Egyptian individual. The research was led by Carsten Pusch of the University of Tübingen in Germany and Rabab Khairat, who released their findings in the Journal of Applied Genetics. DNA was extracted from the heads of five Egyptian mummies that were housed at the institution. All the specimens were dated to between 806 BC and 124 AD, a time frame corresponding with the Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic periods. The researchers observed that one of the mummified individuals likely belonged to the I2 subclade. Haplogroup I has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.

Haplogroup I5 has also been observed among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).

Samples with determined subclades

Culture	Country	Site	Date	Haplogroup	Source
Unetice	Germany	Esperstedt	2050–1800 BC	I1	Adler 2012; Brandt 2013
Bell Beaker	Germany	—	2600–2500 BC	I1a1	Lee 2012; Oliveiri 2013
Unetice	Germany	Plotzkau 3	2200–1550 BC	I1a1	Brandt 2013
Unetice	Germany	Eulau	1979–1921 BC	I1a1	Brandt 2013
Srubnaya	Russia	Rozhdestveno I, Samara Steppes, Samara	1850–1600 BC	I1a1	Mathieson 2015
Seh Gabi	Iran	—	3972–3800 BC	I1c	Lazaridis 2016
Cami de Can Grau	Spain	—	3500–3000 BC	I1c1	Sampietro 2007; Olivieri 2013
Late Dynastic-Ptolemaic	Egypt	—	806 BC – 124 AD	I2	Khairat 2013
Su Carroppu	Italy	—	9124–7851 BC	I3	Modi 2017
Scythian	Russia	Rostov-on-Don	500–200 BC	I3	Der Sarkissian 2011
Unetice	Germany	Benzingerode-Heimburg	1653–1627 BC	I3a	Brandt 2013
Unetice	Germany	Esperstedt	2131–1979 BC	I3a	Adler 2012; Brandt 2013; Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015
Unetice	Germany	Esperstedt	2199–2064 BC	I3a	Adler 2012; Brandt 2013; Haak 2015
Poltavka	Russia	Lopatino II, Sok River, Samara	2885–2665 BC	I3a	Mathieson 2015
Karasuk	Russia	Sabinka 2	1416–1268 BC	I4a1	Allentoft 2015
Minoan	Greece	Ayios Charalambos	2400–1700 BC	I5	Hughey 2013
Minoan	Greece	Ayios Charalambos	2400–1700 BC	I5	Hughey 2013
Minoan	Greece	Ayios Charalambos	2400–1700 BC	I5	Hughey 2013
Christian Nubia	Sudan	Kulubnarti	550–800 AD	I5	Sirak 2016
Late Bronze Age	Armenia	Norabak	1209–1009 BC	I5c	Allentoft 2015
Mezhovskava	Russia	Kapova cave	1598–1398 BC	I5c	Allentoft 2015

Samples with unknown subclades

Populations	N	Frequency	Source
Roman Iron Age sites Bøgebjerggård (AD 1–400) Simonsborg (AD 1–200) Skovgaarde (AD 200–400)	3/24	12.5%	Melchior 2008a, Hofreiter 2010
Viking Age burial sites Galgedil (AD 1000) Christian cemetery Kongemarken (AD 1000–1250) medieval cemetery Riisby (AD 1250–1450)	4/29	13.79%	Melchior 2008, Hofreiter 2010
Anglo-Saxon burial sites Leicester:6 Lavington:6 Buckland:7 Norton:12 Norwich:17	1/48	2.08%	Töpf 2006

We have previously observed a high frequency of Hg I's among Iron Age villagers (Bøgebjerggård) and individuals from the early Christian cemetery, Kongemarken [16], [17]. This trend was also found for the additional sites reported here, Simonsborg, Galgedil and Riisby. The overall frequency of Hg I among the individuals from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age is 13% (7/53) compared to 2.5% for modern Danes [35]. The higher frequencies of Hg I can not be ascribed to maternal kinship since only two individuals share the same common motif (K2 and K7 at Kongemarken). Except for Skovgaarde (no Hg I's observed) frequencies range between 9% and 29% and there seems to be no trend in relation to time. No Hg I's were observed at the Neolithic Damsbo and the Bronze Age site Bredtoftegård, where all three individuals harbored Hg U4 or Hg U5a (Table 1).

The frequency of haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Middle Ages. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples. As haplogroup I is not observed in any ancient Italian, Spanish [contradicted by the recent research as have been found in pre-Neolithic Italy as well Neolithic Spain], British, central European populations, early central European farmers and Neolithic samples, according to the authors "Haplogroup I could, therefore, have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type "diluted" by later immigration events" .

Subclades

File:Phylogenetic tree of haplogroups N1a1b and W.png

Phylogenetic tree of haplogroups I (left) and W (right). Kya in the left scale bar stands for thousand years ago .

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades with time estimates is based on the paper and published research .

Hg (July 2013)	Age estimate (thousand years)	95% confidence interval (thousand years)
N1a1b	28.6	23.5–33.9
I	20.1	18.4–21.9
I1	16.3	14.6–18.0
I1a	11.6	9.9–13.3
I1a1	4.9	4.2–5.6
I1a1a	3.8	3.3–4.4
I1a1b	1.4	0.5–2.2
I1a1c	2.5	1.3–3.7
I1a1d	1.8	1.0–2.6
I1b	13.4	11.3–15.5
I1c	10.3	8.4–12.2
I1c1	7.2	5.4–9.0
I1c1a	4.0	2.5–5.4
I2'3	12.6	10.4–14.7
I2	6.8	6.0–7.6
I2a	4.7	3.8–5.7
I2a1	3.2	2.1–4.4
I2b	1.7	0.5–2.9
I2c	4.7	3.6–5.8
I2d	3.0	1.1–4.8
I2e	3.1	1.4–4.8
I3	10.6	8.8–12.4
I3a	7.4	6.1–8.7
I3a1	6.1	4.7–7.5
I3b	2.6	1.1–4.2
I3c	9.4	7.6–11.2
I4	15.1	12.3–18.0
I4a	6.4	5.4–7.4
I4a1	5.7	4.5–6.7
I4b	8.4	5.8–10.9
I5	18.4	16.4–20.3
I5a	16.0	14.0–17.9
I5a1	9.2	7.1–11.3
I5a2	12.3	10.2–14.4
I5a2a	1.6	1.0–2.1
I5a3	4.8	2.8–6.8
I5a4	5.6	3.5–7.8
I5b	8.8	6.3–11.2
I6	18.4	16.2–20.6
I6a	5.3	3.5–7.0
I6b	13.1	10.4–15.8
I7	9.1	6.3–11.9

Distribution

I1

Template:Infobox haplogroup It formed during the Last Glacial pre-warming period. It is found mainly in Europe, Near East, occasionally in North Africa and the Caucasus. It is the most frequent clade of the haplogroup .

Genbank ID	Population	Source
JQ702472
JQ702567	Germany
JQ704077	Germany
JQ705190
JQ705840
KY022422	Iran	FamilyTreeDNA
MG191350	Spanish	FamilyTreeDNA
MG646219	Poland
MK294405	Swedish	FamilyTreeDNA
MN586593	Germany	FamilyTreeDNA
MW600776	Russian	FamilyTreeDNA

I1a

Template:Infobox haplogroup The subclade frequency peaks (circa 2.8%) are mostly located in North-Eastern Europe .

Genbank ID	Population	Source
EU694173	–	FamilyTreeDNA
HM454265	Turkey (Armenian)	FamilyTreeDNA
JQ245746	Chuvash
KC911435	Iran
KC911577	Iran
MK217219	Assyrians	Shamoon-Pour 2019
OQ982011	Italy	FamilyTreeDNA

I1a1

Genbank ID	Population	Source
EF177414	Portugal
FJ460562	Tunisia
JQ245767	Turkey
JQ245802	Morocco
JQ702519	–
JQ702882	–
JQ703835	–
JQ705025	–
JQ705645	–
JQ705889	–
JX152861	Denmark
JX153351	Denmark
JX297189	Spain
KJ570782	Czech	FamilyTreeDNA
MG551928	England	FamilyTreeDNA
MH120632	Poland
MK874614	Scotland	FamilyTreeDNA
MK967511	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
OM194303	Kazakhs
OM238070	Scottish	FamilyTreeDNA
OP681985	Canary Islanders
OP682630	Canary Islanders
OP682053	Canary Islanders
OP682263	Canary Islanders

I1a1a

Genbank ID	Population	Source
AY339502	Finland
AY339503	Finland
AY339504	Finland
AY339505	Finland
JQ702939	–
JQ703652	–
JQ704013	–
JQ705140	–
JX153234	Finland
KC170986	Ukrainian	FamilyTreeDNA
KF146236	Poland
KF146237	Italy
KY409854	Sardinians
KY410140	Sardinians
KY671032	Russia
KY671065	Russia
KY671085	Russia
MG646256	Poland
MG646266	Poland
MG952793	Hungary
MH120465	Poland
MH120665	Poland
MK103008	Swedish	FamilyTreeDNA
MK202791	Russian	FamilyTreeDNA
MK732936	Finnish	FamilyTreeDNA
OL638786	Brazil
OL638813	Brazil
OM714626	Slovak	Grzybowski 2023
OM714682	Slovak	Grzybowski 2023
OM714689	Slovak	Grzybowski 2023
OM714735	Czech	Grzybowski 2023
OM714742	Czech	Grzybowski 2023
OR438500	Poland
OR438613	Poland

I1a1a1

GenBank ID	Population	Source
AY339506	Finland
KF899911	Russia	FamilyTreeDNA
JX152986	Finland
MH983007	Finland	FamilyTreeDNA
MK040467	Finland	FamilyTreeDNA

I1a1a2

GenBank ID	Population	Source
AY339507	Finland
AY339508	Finland
AY339509	Finland
OL555719	Finnish	YSEQ

I1a1a3

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ245749	Czech
JQ705378	–
KJ765971	Finnish	FamilyTreeDNA
KT277305	–	FamilyTreeDNA
KY348642	Scottish	FamilyTreeDNA
KY782222	Poland
MW413811	Ukrainian	FamilyTreeDNA
PQ280055	Belarusian

I1a1a3a

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ245748	Czech
KJ816752	Lithuanian	FamilyTreeDNA
KY671110	Russia
OL638952	Brazil	Speransa 2022

I1a1b

Genbank ID	Population	Source
JQ702470	–
JQ704690	–
JQ705595	–
JX153797	Denmark
JX154050	Denmark
KF586486	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ849732	Swedes	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ850479	English	FamilyTreeDNA
KM822854	Scotland	FamilyTreeDNA
KT074442	Finland	FamilyTreeDNA
KU672519	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
KX906927	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
MG182421	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
MG548632	Welsh	FamilyTreeDNA
MN163828	Finland	FamilyTreeDNA
MT984338	Ireland	YSEQ
MZ457933	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
MZ846395	Shetland

I1a1c

Genbank ID	Population	Source
GU123027	Mishar Tatars (Buinsk)
JQ702023	–
JQ702457	–
KF146238	Ukraine
MG386697	German	FamilyTreeDNA
MH918097	Lithuania	FamilyTreeDNA
OL638548	Brazil
OM714767	Czech	Grzybowski 2023
PQ274761	Belarusian

I1a1d

Genbank ID	Population	Source
JQ702342	–
JQ705189	–
KT124612	Wales	FamilyTreeDNA
KX949567	United Kingdom	FamilyTreeDNA
MZ846966	Orkney
OQ101207	English	FamilyTreeDNA
OR193751	Wales	FamilyTreeDNA

I1a1e

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ701900	–
JQ702820	–
KJ095105	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
KU375199	England	FamilyTreeDNA
KY671114	Russia
MK570297	England	FamilyTreeDNA
MN599048	Norway	FamilyTreeDNA
MZ846316	Shetland
MZ846989	Orkney
MZ847013	Orkney
MZ847773	Orkney
MZ847969	Orkney
MZ848045	Orkney

I1b

Genbank ID	Population	Source
AY195769	Caucasian
AY714041	India
EF556153	Jewish Diaspora
FJ234984	Armenian	FamilyTreeDNA
FJ968796	–	FamilyTreeDNA
JQ704018	–
JQ705376	–
KC911562	Iran
KF146240	Italy
KF146241	Iran
KF146242	Iran
KF146243	Italy
KJ890387.1	Swedish	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ890390	German	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ937089	Armenian	FamilyTreeDNA
KM986573	Yemen
KM986617	Yemen
KY073882	Hungary	FamilyTreeDNA
KY410160	Sardinians
KY671121	Russia
KY680312	Sweden	FamilyTreeDNA
MF362869	Armenian
MG272907	Thailand
MH378689	Chechen	FamilyTreeDNA
MK491399	Armenian
MN595812	Pakistan
MW959772	English	FamilyTreeDNA
OM714633	Slovak	Grzybowski 2023
OR838478	Saudi Arabia	FamilyTreeDNA

I1c

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ705932	–
KP783168	Turkish	FamilyTreeDNA
MG748728	Spain	FamilyTreeDNA
OL619849	Mongolia
OR769030	Turkey	YSEQ

I1c1

GenBank ID	Population	Source
KF146244	Italy
MF437134	United Arab Emirates	Al-Jasmi 2020
MH120606	Poland
OL638549	Brazil

I1c1a1

GenBank ID	Population	Source
EU564849	Lithuanian Jews	FamilyTreeDNA
JQ702655	–
JQ705364	–
KJ558222	Lithuanian Jews	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ801472	-
KU052787	Lithuanian Jews	FamilyTreeDNA
MZ158184	Belarusian Jews	FamilyTreeDNA
OR182493	Hungarian Jews

I1c1a2

GenBank ID	Population	Source
KX156834	Chechens	FamilyTreeDNA

I1d

GenBank ID	Population	Source
KF146245	Italy
KF146246	Italy

I1e

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JX462710	India	Khan 2013
KY697192	Italians	FamilyTreeDNA
KY982964	-	FamilyTreeDNA

I1f

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JX153931	Denmark
JX153979	Denmark
KF251094	English	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ557251	Scottish	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ809106	England	FamilyTreeDNA
MK434282	Norway	FamilyTreeDNA

I2'3

Template:Infobox haplogroup It is the common root clade for subclades I2 and I3. There's a sample from Tanzania with which I2'3 shares a variant at position 152 from the root node of haplogroup I, and this "node 152" could be upstream I2'3s clade . Both I2 and I3 might have formed during the Holocene period, and most of their subclades are from Europe, only few from the Near East . Examples of this ancestral branch have not been documented.

I2

GenBank ID	Population	Source
EU570217	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
FJ911909	–	FamilyTreeDNA
GU122984	Volga Tatars
GU294854	–	FamilyTreeDNA
HQ287882	–
JQ701942	–
JQ702191	–
JQ702284	–
JQ703850	–
JQ704705	–
JQ704765	–
JQ704936	–
JQ705000	–
JQ705304	–
JQ705379	–
JQ245744	Chechnya
JQ245747	Czech
JQ245771	Turkey
JX153641	Denmark
JX153773	Denmark
KC911614	Iranian Azerbaijanis
KF146254	Italy
KF146255	Ukraine
KF146256	Italy
KF146257	Italy
KJ599625	Chechens	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ645815	Armenians	FamilyTreeDNA
KP969064	Norway	FamilyTreeDNA
KR014102	Italy	FamilyTreeDNA
KU682980	Uyghurs	Zheng 2018
KU683033	Uyghurs	Zheng 2018
KU683240	Uyghurs	Zheng 2018
KU683502	Uyghurs	Zheng 2018
KY000078	Norway	FamilyTreeDNA
KY042020	Sweden	FamilyTreeDNA
KY172919	Sweden	FamilyTreeDNA
KY428665	England	FamilyTreeDNA
KY671062	Russia
KY671122	Russia
KY780115	Irish	FamilyTreeDNA
MF068709	Germany	FamilyTreeDNA
MF116368	Sweden	FamilyTreeDNA
MF279144	Sweden	FamilyTreeDNA
MF278022	England	FamilyTreeDNA
MF362766	Armenians
MN540393	England	FamilyTreeDNA
MT075870	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
MT223153	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
MZ846734	Shetland
MZ847795	Orkney
OM936970	Netherlands	FamilyTreeDNA
ON060656	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
PP263591	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA

I2a

GenBank ID	Population	Source
HQ326985	–	FamilyTreeDNA
HQ695930	–	FamilyTreeDNA
HQ714959	Scotland	FamilyTreeDNA
JQ705921	–
PP579598	Norwegian	FamilyTreeDNA
PP849723	–	FamilyTreeDNA

I2a1

GenBank ID	Population	Source
AY339497	Finland
HQ724528	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
JN411083	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA

I2a1a

GenBank ID	Population	Source
MT892955	Finland	FamilyTreeDNA

I2a2

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ703910	–
KP987219	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
KR088263	England	FamilyTreeDNA

I2a3

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ705175	–
JX154048	Denmark
KU493988	Sweden	FamilyTreeDNA
MK591009	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
MT137386	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA

I2b

GenBank ID	Population	Source
AY339498	Finland
AY339499	Finland
AY339500	Finland
AY339501	Finland

I2c

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ702163	–
JQ702253	–
JQ703024	–
JQ705187	–
JQ705666	–
KJ882427	France	FamilyTreeDNA
KR051235	Scotland	FamilyTreeDNA
KU291444	Scotland	FamilyTreeDNA
MZ846506	Shetland
MZ846570	Shetland
MZ847001	Orkney
MZ847048	Orkney
OL604518	Scotland	FamilyTreeDNA
OP682030	Canary Islanders

I2d

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ705244	–
JQ703829	–
JX153642	Denmark
KY684194	Germans	FamilyTreeDNA
MG646226	Poland
MH087474	English	FamilyTreeDNA
MH120469	Poland
MH120515	Poland
MH675881	Finland	FamilyTreeDNA

I2e

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ702578	–
JQ703106	–
MN176248	Poland
MN176270	Poland

I3

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ702647	–
JQ703862	–
OL521838	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA

I3a

GenBank ID	Population	Source
EU746658	France	FamilyTreeDNA
EU869314	–	FamilyTreeDNA
JQ245751	Greece
JQ702041	–
JQ702062	–
JQ702109	–
JQ702413	–
JX153712	Denmark
KF146258	Iran
KJ507246	Flemish	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ850495	English	FamilyTreeDNA
KU859398	Belgium	FamilyTreeDNA
KY369150	Italy	FamilyTreeDNA
KY408233	Sardinians
MF002495	Germany	FamilyTreeDNA
MF322516	Irish	FamilyTreeDNA
MK088054	France	FamilyTreeDNA
MZ614451	Scotland	FamilyTreeDNA
ON980565	Scotland	FamilyTreeDNA
OP682222	Canary Islanders
OP682259	Canary Islanders
OP682273	Canary Islanders
OP682309	Canary Islanders
OP682392	Canary Islanders
OP682401	Canary Islanders
OQ470330	Norwegians	FamilyTreeDNA

I3a1

GenBank ID	Population	Source
AY963586	Italy	Bandelt
HQ420832	France	FamilyTreeDNA
JQ704837	–
KP903567	Austria	FamilyTreeDNA
MH120756	Poland
OL638572	Brazil

I3b

GenBank ID	Population	Source
GU590993	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
JQ705377	–

I3c

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ702493	–
JQ703883	–
KJ021060	-	FamilyTreeDNA

I3d

GenBank ID	Population	Source
OR233329	Russians	FamilyTreeDNA
OR438549	Poland

I4

Template:Infobox haplogroup The clade splits into subclades I4a and newly defined I4b, with samples found in Europe, the Near East and the Caucasus .

GenBank ID	Population	Source
KJ021059	Polish	FamilyTreeDNA

I4a

GenBank ID	Population	Source
EU091245	–	FamilyTreeDNA
JN660158	Armenian	FamilyTreeDNA
JQ245737	North Ossetia
JQ701909	–
JQ701957	–
JQ705303	–
JQ705514	–
JQ706017	–
JQ702369	–
JX153115	Calabria, Italy
JX153325	Denmark
KJ676825	German	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ676862	French Canadians	FamilyTreeDNA
KT390700	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
KT851987	Israel	FamilyTreeDNA
KX495667	Armenian	FamilyTreeDNA
KY034415	Croatia	FamilyTreeDNA
MF362868	Armenians
MF662102	English	FamilyTreeDNA
MG660526	Chelkans	Nazhmidenova 2020
MH120634	Poland
MH120664	Poland
MZ846849	Orkney
MZ846865	Orkney
MZ847386	Orkney
MZ847388	Orkney
MZ847393	Orkney
OL638882	Brazil
ON457162	–	FamilyTreeDNA
ON602072	England	FamilyTreeDNA
OQ645346	German	FamilyTreeDNA
PQ424518	–	FamilyTreeDNA

I4a1

GenBank ID	Population	Source
EF153786	Siberia
EF660987	Italy
HM804481	–	FamilyTreeDNA
JQ705060	–
JQ705191	–
JQ705906	–
KJ676824	German	FamilyTreeDNA
KJ890389	Russia	FamilyTreeDNA
KU922938	Wales	FamilyTreeDNA
KY849396	Swedes	FamilyTreeDNA
MG015877	Swedes	FamilyTreeDNA
MG646165	Poland
MH322053	Germany	FamilyTreeDNA
MW691107	Ireland	FamilyTreeDNA
ON010030	Sweden	FamilyTreeDNA

I4a2

GenBank ID	Population	Source
KF254840	Finland	FamilyTreeDNA

I4b

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ704976	–
KF146261	Iran
KX467275	India
MF522885	East Pamir Kyrgyz
MF522894	East Pamir Kyrgyz
MG744604	Germany	FamilyTreeDNA
MN595698	Pakistan
MN595704	Pakistan
MN595717	Pakistan
MN595823	Pakistan

I5

Template:Infobox haplogroup Is the second most frequent clade of the haplogroup. Its subclades are found in Europe, e.g. I5a1, and the Near East, e.g. I5a2a and I5b .

GenBank ID	Population	Source
HQ658465	German (north)	FamilyTreeDNA
JQ245724	North Ossetia
KJ920750	German (west)	FamilyTreeDNA
KT250729	German (east)	FamilyTreeDNA
KT346427	Polish	FamilyTreeDNA
MK617274	Serbia

I5a

GenBank ID	Population	Source
KT748522	Pontic Greeks	FamilyTreeDNA
KX017466	Finnish	FamilyTreeDNA
MF362944	Armenians
MN696689	Finnish	FamilyTreeDNA

I5a1

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ245807	Bulgaria
JX152976	Finland
KM925143	Finland	FamilyTreeDNA
MK134361	Serbia
MK217239	Assyrians	Shamoon-Pour 2019
MT338490	Germany	FamilyTreeDNA

I5a1a

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ705096	–
KF146248	Italy
KJ746501	English	FamilyTreeDNA
KX856070	English	FamilyTreeDNA
MG744602	French	FamilyTreeDNA

I5a1b

GenBank ID	Population	Source
AF382007	Leon
EF660917	Italy
JQ704713	–

I5a1c

GenBank ID	Population	Source
EU597573	Bedouin (Israel)
JQ704768	–
KF146247	Italy

I5a2

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ701894	–
KY408295	Sardinians
KY408387	Sardinians
MH168104	Ukrainians	FamilyTreeDNA
MZ384391	United Kingdom	FamilyTreeDNA
PP302047	Dutch	FamilyTreeDNA

I5a2a

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ245733	Dubai
JQ245780	Yemen
JQ245781	Yemen
JQ245782	Yemen
JQ245783	Yemen
JQ245784	Yemen
JQ245785	Yemen
JQ245786	Yemen

I5a3

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JN415483	Germany
JQ245772	Turkey

I5a4

GenBank ID	Population	Source
FJ348190	Hutterite
HM852869	Turkey
KF146249	Italy
KJ676977	Romanian	FamilyTreeDNA
KY615004	Rusyns	FamilyTreeDNA

I5b

GenBank ID	Population	Source
KF255549	Italy	FamilyTreeDNA
ON640629	Cyprus	FamilyTreeDNA

I5c

GenBank ID	Population	Source
KM245143	Spain
KP419690	Italians	FamilyTreeDNA
MF362879	Armenians
MK491434	Armenians
OP642525	Chechens	FamilyTreeDNA

I5c1

GenBank ID	Population	Source
HQ658465	German	FamilyTreeDNA
KC787372	English	FamilyTreeDNA
KF146251	Italy
KY409830	Sardinians
KY981527	Sardinians	FamilyTreeDNA
OL438769	Romanians	FamilyTreeDNA

I6

Template:Infobox haplogroup The subclade is very rare, found until July 2013 only in four samples from the Near East .

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JQ245773	Turkey
MK036912	Croatia	FamilyTreeDNA

I6a

GenBank ID	Population	Source
AY245555	–
JQ705382	–
KM262180	Italy	FamilyTreeDNA
KY409776	Sardinians

I7

Template:Infobox haplogroup It is the rarest defined subclade, until July 2013 found only in two samples from the Near East and the Caucasus .

GenBank ID	Population	Source
JF298212	Armenian	FamilyTreeDNA
KF146253	Kuwait

See also

Backbone mtDNA Tree

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

Mitochondrial Eve (L)

L0

L1–6

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

M

N

CZ

D

E

G

Q

O

A

S

R

I

W

X

Y

C

Z

B

F

R0

pre-JT

P

U

HV

JT

K

H

V

J

T

External links

• General
  • Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
  • Haplogroup I – based on PhyloTree.org (February 2016)
  • Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree for Haplogroup N1, including subtree of I (February 2016)
• Haplogroup I
  • Family Tree DNA – mtDNA Haplogroup I Project
  • Family Tree DNA's mtDNA Haplotree: Haplogroup I
  • YFull MTree's Haplogroup I
  • MITOMAP's Haplogroup I