Haplogroup G (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4.

Distribution

It is an East Asian haplogroup. Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk. Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Siberian, Mongol, Tibetan and Central and North Asian Turkic peoples people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō). It is also found at a lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. However, unlike other mitochondrial DNA haplogroups typical of populations of northeastern Asia, such as haplogroup A, haplogroup C, and haplogroup D, haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	Subtypes
Itelmen	0.681	47		G1=32
Koryak	0.419	155		G1=65
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)	0.281	32		G1=9
Negidal	0.273	33		G1=9
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.233	133		G2a=19, G(xG2a)=12
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.200	20		G2a=4
Ainu	0.196	51		G1=8, G2=2
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)	0.182	44		G2a=3, G3b=3, G2(xG2a)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.170	47		G2a=5, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2, G3=1
Korean (Arun Banner)	0.167	48		G2(xG2a)=3, G2a=3, G1a=1, G3=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.167	24		G=4
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)	0.163	49		G2a=3, G2(xG2a)=3, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.158	19		G=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)	0.146	82		G1=12
Kyrgyz (Talas)	0.146	48		G2a=7
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.145	55		G2a=4, G2(xG2a)=3, G3b=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)	0.128	47		G2a=5, G3=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)	0.125	40		G2a=4, G(xG2a)=1
Japanese (Gifu)	0.116	1617		G=188
Ulch	0.115	87		G1=9, G2=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)	0.114	44		G(xG1a, G2, G3)=5
Tibetan (Qinghai)	0.107	56		G(xG2, G3)=2, G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.106	47		G2a=4, G1=1
Tuvan	0.105	95		G2=6, G3=4
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.105	19		G2=2
Japanese	0.104	211		G4a=12, G2a=6, G4b=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG2, G4a, G4b)=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)	0.103	29		G3b=2, G2a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)	0.103	29		G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.103	185		G2(xG2a)=7, G2a=6, G3=4, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Tokyo)	0.102	118		G=12
Khamnigan (Buryatia)	0.101	99		G2a=9, G3=1
Han (Beijing)	0.100	40		G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Manchurian	0.100	40		G1a=3, G2a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)	0.098	41		G2=4
Japanese (Tōkai)	0.096	282		G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=12, G1b=2
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)	0.095	105		G1b=9, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Barghut (Hulunbuir)	0.094	149		G2=13, G3=1
Chukchi	0.091	66		G1=6
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.091	11		G2=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)	0.089	45		G1a=2, G2a=2
Hui (Xinjiang)	0.089	45		G2a=2, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō)	0.088	217		G1a=11, G(xG1a, G1b)=7, G1b=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)	0.085	47		G(xG1a, G2, G3)=4
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)	0.085	130		G2=8 G(xG2)=3
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.083	36		G(xG2, G3)=2, G3=1
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)	0.082	110		G2a=7, G1=1, G(xG1, G2a, G3)=1
Buryat	0.080	25		G2=1, G3=1
Buryat	0.079	126		G2a=8, G2(xG2a)=2
Korean (South Korea)	0.079	203		G1a=9, G(xG1a, G1b)=7
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.074	68		G2(xG2a)=5
Dargin (Dagestan)	0.071	28		G=2
Uzbek (Xinjiang)	0.069	58		G2a=2, G3=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)	0.069	160		G(xG1a, G1b)=8, G1a=3
Korean (South Korea)	0.068	103		G2a=3, G1=2, G3=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)	0.068	633		G=43
Yakut (northern Yakutia)	0.068	148		G2a5=6, G2a(xG2a5)=2, G1b=2
Chukchi (Anadyr)	0.067	15		G1=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.067	45		G(xG2, G3)=3
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)	0.067	30		G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Tuvinian	0.067	105		G2a=4, G1=2, G3=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.065	31		G2a=2
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)	0.063	32		G2=2
Korean (South Korea)	0.061	261		G(xG2)=11, G2=5
Mansi	0.061	98		G2=6
Japanese (Miyazaki)	0.060	100		G4a=2, G1a=1, G1b=1, G2a1(xG2a1a)=1, G2a1a=1
Han (Beijing Normal University)	0.058	121		G=7
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.057	35		G3=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang)	0.057	53		G1a=1, G2a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Altai Kizhi	0.056	90		G1=4, G2a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.056	54		G2(xG2a)=1, G2a=1, G3b=1
Han (Denver, Colorado)	0.055	73		G=4
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)	0.055	55		G2a=3
Japanese (Tōhoku)	0.054	336		G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=5
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)	0.054	56		G1=3
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20		G2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.050	40		G2=2
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20		G2a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	40		G2a=2
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.050	40		G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Orok (Sakhalin)	0.049	61		G=3
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.049	102		G(xG2, G3)=4, G2a1=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)	0.049	164		G2a(xG2a5)=6, G2a5=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)	0.049	103		G3=2, G(xG2, G3)=2, G2=1
Vietnamese	0.048	42		G1a=1, G3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)	0.047	256		G(xG1a, G1b)=9, G1a=3
Tujia (western Hunan)	0.047	64		G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)	0.045	44		G2a=1, G3=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)	0.045	22		G1b=1
Hazara (North West Frontier Province & Balochistan)	0.043	23		G=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)	0.042	48		G2(xG2a)=2
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)	0.041	73		G2a=2, G1=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.040	50		G2a=2
Korean (northern China)	0.039	51		G2a=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Kumik (Dagestan)	0.038	26		G=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.038	26		G2=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)	0.036	111		G2a(xG2a5)=2, G2a5=1, G1b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)	0.036	28		G(xG1a, G2)=1
Cun (Hainan)	0.033	30		G=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.033	30		G(xG2, G3)=1
Lingao (Hainan)	0.032	31		G=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.032	31		G(xG2, G3)=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.031	32		G(xG2, G3)=1
Nogai (Dagestan)	0.030	33		G=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)	0.029	137		G1=3, G2=1
Han (southern California)	0.028	390		G=11
Telenghit (Altai Republic)	0.028	71		G2a=2
Yakut (Yakutia)	0.028	36		G2a=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.026	39		G(xG2, G3)=1
Yakut	0.026	117		G2a=2, G1a=1
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky)	0.024	125		G1b=2, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Uzbek (Surkhandarya, Uzbekistan)	0.024	42		G=1
Evenk (Buryatia)	0.022	45		G3=1
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)	0.022	91		G(xG1a, G1b)=2
Han (Taiwan)	0.021	1117		G=24
Han (Xinjiang)	0.021	47		G2a=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)	0.021	47		G2a=1
Hindu (New Delhi)	0.021	48		G(xG2a)=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic)	0.020	98		G2=1, G3=1
Turkish (Anatolia, Turkey)	0.020	50		G=1
Khanty	0.019	106		G2=2
Uyghur (Kazakhstan)	0.018	55		G2(xG2a)=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)	0.018	57		G3=1
Mansi	0.016	63		G2=1
Okinawa	0.015	326		G(xG1a, G1b)=3, G1a=2
Persian (eastern Iran)	0.012	82		G2a=1
Pakistani (Karachi, Pakistan)	0.010	100		G=1
Li (Hainan)	0.009	346		G=3
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)	0.006	154		G1b=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)	0.006	168		G=1
Taiwan aborigines	0.002	640		G=1
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.000	10		-
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)	0.000	18		-
Filipino (Palawan)	0.000	20		-
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)	0.000	20		-
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.000	24		-
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)	0.000	24		-
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.000	25		-
Kurd (northwestern Iran)	0.000	25		-
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.000	27		-
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)	0.000	29		-
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)	0.000	29		-
Batak (Palawan)	0.000	31		-
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.000	31		-
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)	0.000	35		-
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)	0.000	35		-
Aleut (Commander Islands)	0.000	36		-
Eskimo (Sireniki)	0.000	37		-
Eskimo (Naukan)	0.000	39		-
Nganasan	0.000	39		-
Thai	0.000	40		-
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.000	42		-
Eskimo (Chaplin)	0.000	50		-
Teleut (Kemerovo)	0.000	53		-
Han (Hunan & Fujian)	0.000	55		-
Saami (Finland)	0.000	69		-
Shor (Kemerovo)	0.000	82		-
Eskimo (Canada)	0.000	96		-
Saami (Sweden)	0.000	98		-
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)	0.000	163		-
Saami (Norway)	0.000	278		-
Eskimo (Greenland)	0.000	385		-

Subclades

Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from eastern Europe (Poles, Ukrainians, Lipka Tatars) and western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to southern China (Hmong and Tujia in Hunan and Mien in Guangxi) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking populations of northern East Asia and Central Asia. G2a also has been found with high frequency in some samples of Tharus from southern Nepal. The subclade G2a3 has been observed in Russia, an Azeri in Iran, and a Uyghur in Artux, Xinjiang, China; its subclade G2a3a has been observed among Komis and Udmurts. Subclade G2a4 has been observed in China, Taiwan, and in a Ukrainian from the Lviv region of western Ukraine. Subclade G2a5 has been observed in Japan, Korea, and among Buryats, Barghuts, and various Turkic peoples (Karachay, Balkar, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Telengit, Tubalar, Yakut).

Subclade G1 is almost completely responsible for the high frequency of haplogroup G in populations located around the Sea of Okhotsk (Itelmen, Koryak, Negidal, Ulch, Ainu, Chukchi, Nivkh, etc.). G1 in Luoravetlans (Koryak & Chukchi) is essentially G1b, and this subclade is also found with generally low frequency in populations of Yakutia to the west (Evens, Yukaghirs, Evenks, Yakuts, Dolgans) as well as in Japan. G1a has been found in samples from China (Daur, Hui, Kazakh, Sarikoli, Korean, Manchu, Yi, Jino, Yunnan Dai, Jiangxi Han, and a sample of the general population of the city of Shenyang), Tajikistan (Pamiris), Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and central Siberia (Yakut, Altai-kizhi). G1c has been found in China, Korea, and a Seletar.

Subclade G3 is relatively rare. It has been found mainly among Koreans, Tibetans, and presently Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking populations in southern Siberia and vicinity, and occasionally among Evenks in Buryatia, Japanese, Pumi, Naxi, Uyghurs, Sarikolis, Tajiks, Pashtuns and Hazaras in Afghanistan, Kashmir, Han Chinese in Sichuan, Hmong and Tujia in western Hunan, and Vietnamese.

Subclade G4 has been found in Japan and possibly in one Chinese individual from Guizhou.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup G subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

• G
  • G1
    • G1a
      • G1a1
        • G1a1a
          • G1a1a1
          • G1a1a2
          • G1a1a3
      • G1a2'3
        • G1a2
        • G1a3
          • G1a3a
    • G1b
    • G1c
  • G2
    • G2a
      • G2a1
        • G2a1a
        • G2a1b
        • G2a1c
      • G2a2
      • G2a3
        • G2a3a
      • G2a4
    • G2b
      • G2b1
  • G3
    • G3a
      • G3a1
      • G3a2
    • G3b
      • G3b1
  • G4

See also

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic genealogy
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Population genetics
• Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

External links

• General
  • Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
  • Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
• Haplogroup G
  • YFull MTree's Haplogroup G
  • MITOMAP's Haplogroup G
  • FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: Haplogroup G
  • FamilyTreeDNA's G mtDNA Project

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

Mitochondrial Eve (L)

L0

L1–6

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

M

N

CZ

D

E

G

Q

O

A

S

R

I

W

X

Y

C

Z

B

F

R0

pre-JT

P

U

HV

JT

K

H

V

J

T