Salix cinerea
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Salix cinerea (common sallow, grey sallow, grey willow, grey-leaved sallow, large grey willow, pussy willow, rusty sallow[1]) is a species of willow native to Europe and western Asia.[2][3]
The plant provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators. It was rated in the top 10, with a ranking of second place, for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative.[4]
Plant
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It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing 4–10 metres (13–30 ft) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, 2–9 cm (1–<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />3+1⁄2 in) long and 1–3 cm (<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2–<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1+1⁄2 in) broad (exceptionally up to 16 cm long and 5 cm broad), green above, hairy below, with a crenate margin. The flowers are produced in early spring in catkins 2–5 cm long; it is dioecious with male and female catkins on separate plants. The male catkins are silvery at first, turning yellow when the pollen is released; the female catkins are greenish grey, maturing in early summer to release the numerous tiny seeds embedded in white cottony down which assists wind dispersal.[2][3]
Taxonomy
The closely related species Salix atrocinerea Brot., which overlaps in distribution in France, Belgium, Netherlands, England and Ireland, is considered by some authors as the subspecies S. cinerea oleifolia (Gaudin) Macreight. S. atrocinerea differs from S. cinerea in that it is taller (reaching up to 15 metres), has a deeply furrowed bark, dark red-brown hairs beneath the leaves, smaller stipules, and is earlier deciduous.[2][3] Despite the coexistence of these two nomenclatures, the main taxonomic databases regard S. cinerea oleifolia as synonym of S. atrocinerea.[5][6]
Ecology
Grey willow grows in wetlands, moist depressions, ditches, embankments, banks of stagnant or slow-moving water bodies, and forest edges, where it encounters low-lying damp situations with waterlogged and nutrient-poor soils. S. cinerea is a pioneer species that rapidly colonizes disturbed sites.[7]
A common herbivore of Salix cinerea is Phratora vulgatissima, which prefers and is more common on female plants.[8] Anthocoris nemorum, a natural enemy of Phratora vulgatissima, is also more common on S. cinerea.[8]
Invasive species
Salix cinerea is an invasive species in New Zealand and is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord, which means it cannot be sold or distributed. S. cinerea is also highly invasive in south-eastern Australia,[9] with the entire genus listed as a Weed of National Significance. The species was introduced to stop erosion along riverbanks, but has since caused worse erosion over time by widening and shallowing invaded streams.
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Meikle, R. D. (1984). Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland. BSBI Handbook No. 4. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ a b c Christensen, K. I., & Nielsen, H. (1992). Rust-pil (Salix cinerea subsp. oleifolia) - en overset pil i Danmark og Skandinavien. Dansk Dendrologisk Årsskrift 10: 5-17.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Isebrands, J. G., & Richardson, J. (Eds.). (2014). Poplars and willows: trees for society and the environment. CAB International and FAO. Template:ISBN
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cremer, K. W. (2003) Introduced willows can become invasive pests in Australia. Biodiversity, 4, 17-24.
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External links
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