German units of measurement
Template:Short description Template:More footnotes
The units of measurement of German-speaking countries consist of a variety of units, with varying local standard definitions. While many were made redundant with the introduction of the metric system, some of these units are still used in everyday speech and even in stores and on street markets as shorthand for similar amounts in the metric system. For example, some customers ask for one pound (ein Pfund) of something when they want 500 grams.
The metric system became compulsory on 1 January 1872, in Germany and on 1 January 1876, in Austria.[1]
Some obsolete German units have names similar to units that were traditionally used in other countries, and that are still used in a limited number of cases in the United Kingdom (imperial units) and in the United States (United States customary units).
German system
Before the introduction of the metric system in Germany, almost every town had its own definitions of the units shown below. Often towns posted local definitions on a wall of the city hall. For example, the front wall of the old city hall of Rudolstadt (still standing) has two marks which show the "Rudolstädter Elle", the proper length of the Elle in that city. Supposedly by 1810 there were 112 different standards for the Elle around Germany.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
"... the measure of cloth, for example, was elle which in each region stood for a different length. An elle of textile material brought in Frankfurt would get you 54.7 cm of cloth, in Mainz 55.1 cm, in Nuremberg 65.6 cm, in Freiburg 53.5 cm ..."
Length
Meile (mile)
A German geographic mile (geographische Meile) is defined as <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄15 equatorial degrees, equal to Script error: No such module "convert".. A common German mile, land mile, or post mile (Gemeine deutsche Meile, Landmeile, Postmeile) was defined in various ways at different places and different times. After the introduction of the metric system in the 19th century, the Landmeile was generally fixed at Script error: No such module "val". (the Reichsmeile), but before then there were many local and regional variants (of which some are shown below):
| Some kinds of Meile | ||
|---|---|---|
| Place | MetricScript error: No such module "string".equivalent | Notes |
| Breslau (Wrocław) | Script error: No such module "val". | Used in all Silesia[2][3] |
| Bavaria (Bayern) | Script error: No such module "val". | Connected to a <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄15 equatorial degree as 25,406 Bavarian feet. |
| Württemberg | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Reichsmeile | Script error: No such module "val". | 'imperial mile' – New mile when the metric system was introduced. Prohibited by law in 1908. |
| Anhalt | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Denmark, Prussia | Script error: No such module "val". | 24,000 Prussian feet. Also known as "(Dänische/Preußische) Landmeile". In 1816, king Frederick William III of Prussia adopted the Danish mile at Script error: No such module "val"., or Script error: No such module "val".. |
| Saxony (Sachsen) | Script error: No such module "val". | In the 17th–18th century or so, Script error: No such module "val". = Script error: No such module "val".; later Script error: No such module "val". (as in Prussia and the rest of Germany). |
| Schleswig-Holstein | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Baden | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". before 1810, Script error: No such module "val". before 1871 |
| Hesse-Kassel | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Lippe-Detmold | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Saxony (Sachsen) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". (in the 19th century Script error: No such module "val"., see above). |
| Westfalia (Westfalen) | Script error: No such module "val". | but also Script error: No such module "val". |
| Oldenburg | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Rhineland (Rheinland) | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Palatinate (Pfalz) | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Osnabrück/France | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Wiesbaden | Script error: No such module "val". | |
Wegstunde
One hour's travel, used up to the 19th century. In Germany <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Meile or Script error: No such module "convert".. After 1722 in Saxony <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 post mile = 1000 Dresden rods = Script error: No such module "val"..[4] In Switzerland Script error: No such module "convert"..
Fuß (foot)
The Fuß or German foot varied widely from place to place in the German-speaking world, and also with time. In some places, more than one type of Fuß was in use. One source from 1830[5] gives the following values:
| Some kinds of Fuß | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Place | Name | Local equivalent | Metric equivalent |
| Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) | Feldmaßfuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄6 Klafter | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Aachen | Baufuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Aargau, Canton of | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Aichstadt, Bavaria | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Altona, Holstein | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Anspach, Bavaria | Werkfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Appenzell, Canton of | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Aschaffenburg, Bavaria | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Augsburg, Bavaria | Werkschuh | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Baden | Reichsfuß | 10 Zoll, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄10 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Baireuth, Bavaria | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Bamberg, Bavaria | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Basel, Canton of | Stadtschuh | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Bavaria | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Bergamo, Austria | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄6 Cavezzo | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Berlin | Prussian Reichsfuß | Script error: No such module "val".[6] | |
| Bern, Canton of | gewöhnlicher Fuß | 12 Zoll | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Bern, Canton of | Steinbrecherfuß | 13 Zoll | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Bohemia | Fuß or Stopa | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Bozen, Austria | Tyroler-Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Braunschweig (Brunswick) | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Bremen | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Breslau | old Silesian Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Bünden, Canton of | churischer Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Calenberg Land | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Carlsruhe (as Baden) | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Cassel, Hessen | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄14 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Cleve, Prussia | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Cöln am Rhein (Cologne), Prussia | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Cremona, Austria | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Danzig, Prussia | old Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Elle | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Darmstadt | Hessian Reichsfuß | 10 Zoll | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Darmstadt | old Darmstadt Fuß | 12 Zoll | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Dordrecht, Netherlands | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Dresden, Saxony | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Duderstadt, Hanover | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Durlach (as Baden) | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Durlach | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Emden, Hanover | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Erfurt, Prussia | old Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄14 Feldruthe, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Bauruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Frankfurt am Main | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Freiburg, Canton of | Werkfuß | 12 Zoll, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄10 Werkklafter | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Friedberg in der Wetterau, Oberhessen | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Friedrichsstadt, Denmark | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Fulda, Kurhessen | Werkfuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Elle | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Genf (Geneva), Canton of | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄8 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Gießen, Oberhessen | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Glarus, Canton of | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Glatz, Prussia | Werkfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Göttingen, Hanover | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Gotha, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Halle an der Saale, Prussia | Werkfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Halle an der Saale, Prussia | Feldfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Hamburg | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄6 Klafter, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Geestruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Hanau, Hessen | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />2⁄25 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Hanover, capital of the Kingdom | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Elle, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Heidelberg, Baden | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Heilbronn, Württemberg | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Heiligenstadt, Prussia | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Herford, Prussia | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Hildesheim, Hanover | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Holstein | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Innsbruck, Austria | Tyroler-Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Königsberg, Prussia | old Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄15 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Krakau | Fuß or Stopa | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Lausanne, Canton of Waadt | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Leipzig, Saxony | gewöhnlicher Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Elle, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄6 Klafter <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Lemberg, Austria | Galizian Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Lemgo, Lippe | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Lindau, Bavaria | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Lindau, Bavaria | Feldmeßschuh, Bauschuh | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Linz, Austria | Fuß | Klafter | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Lübeck | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Lucern, Canton of | Fuß (for wood measure) | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Lucern, Canton of | Zimmerwerkschuh | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Lucern, Canton of | Bau- and Feldmeßschuh | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Milan, Austria | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Mainz, Hessen | Werkfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Mainz, Hessen | Kameralfuß (for firewood) | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Mannheim, Baden | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Mecklenburg | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Elle, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Metz, France | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Mühlhausen, Prussia | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Neufchatel, Principality of | Werkfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Neufchatel, Principality of | Feldmeßfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Nordhausen, Prussia | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Nuremberg, Bavaria | Stadtfuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Nuremberg, Bavaria | Artillery Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Oldenburg | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄20 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Osnabrück, Hanover | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Padua, Austria | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄6 Cavezzo | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Prague, Austria | Bohemian Fuß or Česká stopa | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Prussia, Rheinland | Reichsfuß | Script error: No such module "val".[6] | |
| Ratzeburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Regensburg, Bavaria | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Rheinbaiern | Fuß | 12 Zoll, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄3 metre | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Rheinland | Rheinländischer Fuß | Script error: No such module "val".[6] | |
| Rostock, Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Elle, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Sanct Gallen, Canton of | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Schaffhausen, Canton of | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Silesia (Austrian part) | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Solothurn, Canton of | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Stade, Hanover | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Stettin, Prussia | old Pomeranian Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Stralsund, Prussia | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Strassburg, France | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Stuttgart | Reichsfuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Elle, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄10 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Tessin, Canton of | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Thorn, Prussia | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Trento, Austria | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Trier, Prussia | Land- and Werkfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Trier, Prussia | Waldfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Trier, Prussia | Zimmermannsfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Tyrol, Austria | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Udine, Austria | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Ulm, Württemberg | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Venice, Austria | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄5 Passo | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Verden, Hanover | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Verona, Austria | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄6 Cavezzo | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Vienna, Austria | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄6 Klafter | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Waadt, Canton of | Fuß | 10 Zoll, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄10 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Wallis, Canton of | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Weimar | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Wesel, Prussia | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Wetzlar, Prussia | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Wiesbaden, Nassau | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Wismar, Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Wittenberg, Prussia | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Worbis, Prussia | old Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Württemberg | Reichsfuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Elle, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄10 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Würzburg, Bavaria | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Elle | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Zug, Canton of | Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Zug, Canton of | Steinfuß | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Zürich, Canton of | Fuß | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄6 Klafter, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄10 Ruthe | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Except where noted, based on Niemann (1830).[5] The values of the other local units mentioned also varied widely. | |||
Rute (rod)
The Rute or Ruthe is of Carolingian origin,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". and was used as a land measure. Many different kinds of Ruthe were used at various times in various parts of the German-speaking world. They were subdivided into differing numbers of local Fuß, and were of many different lengths. One source from 1830[5] lists the following:
| Some kinds of Ruthe | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Place | Name | Local equivalent | Metric equivalent |
| Aachen (Aix-la-Capelle) | Feldmeßruthe | 16 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Baden | Ruthe | 10 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Basel, Canton of | Ruthe | 16 Fuss | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Bern, Canton of | Ruthe | 10 Fuss | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Braunschweig (Brunswick) | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Bremen | Ruthe | 8 Ellen or 16 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Calenberg | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Cassel, Hessen | Ruthe | 14 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Hamburg | Geestruthe | 16 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Hamburg | Marschruthe | 14 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Hannover | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Lever, Oldenburg | Ruthe | 20 Fuß | Template:Va |
| Mecklenburg | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Nuremberg, Bavaria | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Oldenburg | Ruthe | 20 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Prussia, Rheinland | Ruthe | 12 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Saxony | Ruthe | 16 Leipziger Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Württemberg | Reichsruthe | 10 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Württemberg | old Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Zürich, Canton of | Ruthe | 10 Fuss | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Except where noted, based on Niemann (1830).[5] The value of the local Fuß also varied widely. | |||
Klafter
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Typically 6 feet. Regional variants from Script error: No such module "val". in Baden to Script error: No such module "val". in Switzerland.
Lachter
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Lachter was the most common unit of length used in mining in German-speaking areas. Its exact length varied from place to place but was roughly between Script error: No such module "val"..
Elle (ell)
Distance between elbow and fingertip. In the North, often 2 feet, In Prussia <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />17⁄8 feet, in the South variable, often <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />2+1⁄2 feet. The smallest known German Elle is Script error: No such module "convert"., the longest Script error: No such module "convert"..
Zoll (inch)
Usually <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄12 foot, but also <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄11 and <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄10.
Linie
Usually <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄12 inch, but also <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄10.
Volume
Quent
Being 1/5 of any measure
Malter
Is a larger volume unit of around one large sack of wheat a person could carry. However, the exact volumetric size and weight was locally very different in each feudal state. For more details, see [1].
Klafter
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". For firewood, Script error: No such module "convert".
Nösel
In general, the Nösel (also spelled Össel) was a measure of liquid volume equal to half a Kanne ("jar," "jug," "bottle," "can"). Volume often varied depending on whether it was beer or wine. Its subdivisions were the Halbnösel ("Half-Nösel") and the Viertelnösel ("Quarter-Nösel).
An Ahm was a measure used for wine or beer. An Eimer ("Bucket") was a container that was a fifth of an Ahm. A Viertel ("Fourth") was a fourth of an Eimer. A Stübchen ("Cozy Room") also a Stauf was a measure of wine or beer that was equal to 2 Kannen. It was the approximate amount of wine or beer that could serve an entire room in a tavern. A Kanne was a measure of wine or beer large enough to fill a humpen (tankard) or krug (wine flagon or beer pitcher). A Quartier ("quarter-measure") was a fourth of a Stübchen. A Nösel was a cup or mug of wine or beer.
Actual volumes so measured, however, varied from one state or even one city to another. Within Saxony, for example, the "Dresden jar" held approximately Script error: No such module "convert"., so a nösel in Dresden was about Script error: No such module "convert".. The full volume of a "Leipzig jar" measured Script error: No such module "convert".; the Leipzig nösel was therefore Script error: No such module "convert"..
- <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄320 Ahm = <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄64 Eimer = <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Viertel = <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄8 Stübchen / Stauf = <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄4 Kannen = <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Quartiers = 1 Nösel = 2 Halbnöseln = 4 Viertelnöseln
The nösel was used in minor commerce, as well as in the household to measure meal, grain, and such. These units of measure were officially valid in Saxony until 1868, when the metric system was introduced. Nevertheless, the old measures have continued in private use for decades.
One modification was introduced in Thuringia. There, the nösel was, by extension, also a measure of area; namely, the area of land which could be sown with one nösel of seed – or about Script error: No such module "convert".
Mass
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Pfund
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Pfund (Prussia): Script error: No such module "val".
- Zollpfund: Script error: No such module "val".
Mark
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄2 Pfund. Equal to Script error: No such module "val". (Cologne).
Unze
<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Pfund. Roughly equal to Script error: No such module "val"..
Loth
<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄32 Pfund, or <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄16 Mark. Equal to Script error: No such module "val". (Prussia).
Quentchen
<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄96 Pfund. Roughly equal to Script error: No such module "val"..
Quint
<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄128 Pfund. Roughly equal to Script error: No such module "val"..
Pfennig
<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄512 Pfund. Roughly equal to Script error: No such module "val"..
Gran
<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄7690 Pfund. Roughly equal to Script error: No such module "val"..
See also
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Niemann, Friedrich (1830) Vollständiges Handbuch der Münzen, Masse, und Gewichte aller Länder der Erde fur Kaufleute, Banquiers ...: in alphabetischer Ordnung. Quedlinburg und Leipzig, G. Basse. p. 286
- ↑ a b c Template:Harvp
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Bibliography
- François Cardarelli: Encyclopedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins. Springer, Berlin 2003. Template:ISBN
- Helmut Kahnt, Bernd Knorr: Alte Masse, Münzen und Gewichte. . Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim/Wien/Zürich 1987. (Lizenzausgabe von VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig 1986) Template:In lang
- Wolfgang Trapp: Kleines Handbuch der Maße, Zahlen Gewichte und der Zeitrechnung. Von . Reclam Stuttgart, 2. Auflage 1996. Template:ISBN Template:In lang
- Günther Scholz, Klaus Vogelsang: Kleines Lexikon: Einheiten, Formelzeichen. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig 1991 Template:ISBN Template:In lang
- Johann Christian Nelkenbrechers Taschenbuch eines Banquiers und Kaufmanns: enthaltend eine Erklärung aller ein- und ausländischen Münzen, des Wechsel-Courses, Usos, Respect-Tage und anderer zur Handlung gehörigen Dinge; mit einer genauen Vergleichung des Ellen-Maaßes, Handels-, Gold- und Silber-Gewichts, auch Maaße von Getreide und flüssigen Sachen derer fürnehmsten europäischen Handels-Plätze. Nachdruck der Ausgabe 1769: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Düsseldorf 2004. Template:ISBN Template:In lang
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External links
- Projekt zur Erschliessung historisch wertvoller Altkartenbestände Template:Webarchive Template:In lang
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