Geet Ramayan

Geet Ramayan (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) is a collection of 56 Marathi language songs chronologically describing events from the Indian Hindu epic, the Ramayana. It was broadcast by All India Radio, Pune in 1955–1956, four years before television was introduced in India. Written by G. D. Madgulkar and the songs being composed by Sudhir Phadke, Geet Ramayan was acclaimed for its lyrics, music and singing. It is considered a "milestone of Marathi light music" and the "most popular" Marathi version of Ramayana.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The team of Madgulkar and Phadke presented a new song every week for a year with every song being aired first on a Friday morning and then again on Saturday and Sunday morning, between 8:45 AM and 9:00 AM IST. The program's first song "Kuśa Lava Rāmāyaṇ Gātī" was aired on 1 April 1955. Though Geet Ramayan is based on sage Valmiki's epic Ramayana, Madgulkar chose a different narrative format and was praised for the lyrics, and was called Ādhunik Valmiki (the modern Valmiki). The Geet Ramayan is considered as "the crescendo of Madgulkar's literary vigour". Phadke mainly used ragas of Hindustani classical music to compose the songs. He also selected the raga and the Tāla of a song to suit the time of the incident and the narrative mood. The poet and composer were praised for their contribution to the series.

The series showcased a total of 32 various characters from Ramayana. Rama (avatar of Vishnu and hero of the Ramayana) being the lead character of the series was given maximum number of songs (10), followed by eight songs for Sita (Rama's wife and avatar of the Hindu goddess Lakshmi). Madgulkar expressed their various moods, ranging from their divinity to the human weaknesses. Incidentally, the central antagonist of the Ramayana and Geet Ramayan, the demon-king Ravana, was not given any song. The series is narrated by Kusha and Lava, twin sons of Rama and Sita, and the writer of Ramayana (Valmiki) was also given one song in the series.

With increasing popularity since its release, Geet Ramayan has been translated into nine other languages: five Hindi translations and one each in Bengali, English, Gujarati, Kannada, Konkani, Sanskrit, Sindhi and Telugu. It has also been transliterated into Braille.Template:Sfn

Concept

Painting of a blue Rama under a small red-and-yellow umbrella, with other characters from the Ramayana

The central figures of the Ramayana: Rama, his wife Sita, the devotee Hanuman and Rama's three brothers (Lakshmana, Bharata and Shatrughna)

Geet Ramayan was conceptualized in 1955, four years before the introduction of television in India in 1959.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn During the early days of All India Radio, Pune (also known as Aakashwani Pune), station director Sitakant Lad wanted to begin a radio programme which would be entertaining and provide moral education. He hence outlined his plan to poet and writer G. D. Madgulkar (popularly known as "Ga-Di-Ma"). Since the Ramayana (written by Valmiki) is an Indian epic,Template:Sfn Lad and Madgulkar came up with an idea of a version in singable verse. Madgulkar accepted the challenge, enlisting his Music Director friend Sudhir Phadke (popularly known as "Babuji") for the collaboration.Template:Sfn

The team of Madgulkar and Phadke would present a new song every week for a year. Every song would be aired first on a Friday morning and then again on Saturday and Sunday morning, between 8:45 am and 9:00am IST. The programme was initially planned for a year (with 52 songs) with the concluding song Trīvār Jayajayakār Rāmā where Rama becomes the King, but 1955 in the Hindu calendar had an extra month (Adhikmās); therefore, four songs were added to extend the series to a total of fifty-six.Template:Sfn The series ended with the song "Gā Bāḷāno, Shrīrāmāyaṇ" where the part post crown ceremony was added. Apart from the number of songs, Madgulkar and Phadke left music, lyrics and choice of singers ad libitum. Madgulkar was given artistic liberty for the choice of the meters for the song, execution of the story line, and the message he could convey through it.Template:Sfn

Initially, the programme was scheduled to begin on the occasion of Gudi Padwa, beginning of the New year according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar but later finalized to be Rama Navami, traditional birthday of Rama.Template:Sfn The program's first song "Kuśa Lava Rāmāyaṇ Gātī" was aired on 1 April 1955 at 8:45 am IST.Template:Sfn Vidya Madgulkar, the poet's wife, recalled in an interview that Madgulkar wrote the first song and gave it to Phadke the day before the recording; however, Phadke lost the lyrics. With the broadcast already scheduled, station director Sitakant Lad requested Madgulkar to re-write the song which was readily declined by an angered poet. Lad then decided to lock the poet in one of recording rooms equipped with all the required writing material and agreed to unlock the door only when Madgulkar is ready with the lyrics. Madgulkar then rewrote the lyrics from memory in fifteen minutes so Phadke could compose the music.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Lyrics

Ahalya (right bottom), seated in a red sari and rising from a stone, bows with folded hands to Rama (left) who is seated with Vishvamitra (centre) on a stone under a tree, in front of her. Lakshamana stands on the right.

The Geet Ramayan included themes like liberation of Ahalya by Rama, which conveyed religious devotion. (Early-20th-century print by Ravi Varma Press)

Though Valmiki was the main inspiration for the Geet Ramayan, Madgulkar chose a different narrative format.Template:Sfn He used a simple lyrical format with a flexible number of stanzas (from five to eleven stanzas, with three or four lines of varying length). The metre used was similar to Bhavageete, with roughly the same number of mātrās in each line. The metre was also suited to the narration and the characters who sang the song.Template:Sfn Madgulkar used various formats, including narrative, descriptive and communal songs.Template:Sfn He was praised for his lyrics, and was called "Ādhunik Valmiki" (the modern Valmiki);Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn and the Geet Ramayan is considered "the crescendo of Madgulkar's literary vigour".Template:Sfn

Madgulkar's narrative format was different from that of Valmiki's where he did not end the series with the coronation of Rama and Sita, but included Sita's abandonmentTemplate:Broken anchor by Rama, and her giving birth to the twins, Lava and Kusha. However, he chose not to include the last episode of Sita's final confrontation in Rama's court and her entering the earth.Template:Sfn Madgulkar ended the series with the song "Gā Bāḷāno, Shrīrāmāyaṇ" which was voiced by Valmiki where he tells his disciples, Lava and Kusha, how they should recite the Ramayana in front of Rama. Evidently, this also completes the cycle of songs where it had begun, with Lava and Kusha singing in Rama's court.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Madgulkar did not make any attempt to provide new interpretation or meaning to the Ramayana but told the same story in the simpler and poetic format.Template:Sfn With inclusion of characters like Ahalya and Shabari, he included the sentiments of religious devotion (Bhakti) and also gave divine touch to the story while describing the marriage of Sita and Rama as a union of Maya and Brahman.Template:Sfn He composed songs on all seven chapters or Kāṇḍa of Ramayana. Out of 56 songs, poet composed twelve songs on Balakanda, seven on Ayodhya Kanda, fourteen on Aranya Kanda, three on Kishkindha Kanda, four on Sundara Kanda, twelve on Yuddha Kanda and three on Uttara Kanda.Template:Sfn

As the series became popular, the daily newspapers in Pune began to print the text of the new song every week after its first airing.Template:Sfn The first official edition of the text of these fifty-six poems and their prose narrations came out on the occasion of Vijayadashami, 3 October 1957, published for Akashwani by the director of the Publications Division, Delhi, in pocketbook size.Template:Sfn

Music and singing

Musical director Sudhir Phadke composed the songs based on the ragas of Hindustani classical music, including Bhopali, Bhimpalasi and Madhuvanti. The raga and Tāla of a song was selected to suit the time of the incident and the narrative mood. For example, the song "Calā Rāghavā Calā" is composed as a Bibhas (morning) raga, and the song describes an event taking place in the morning. The songs "Āj Mī Śāpmucta Jāhale" and "Yāckā, Thāmbu Nako Dārāta" are not based on a specific raga, but include several ragas in each song.Template:Sfn

The singers, which included Vasantrao Deshpande, Manik Varma, Suresh Haldankar, Ram Phatak and Lata Mangeshkar, were familiar with the vocal style of Indian classical music. Phadke voiced all the songs for Rama, and well-known Kirana gharana singer Manik Varma voiced the character of Sita. Lata Mangeshkar sang one song for Sita, "Maj Sāng Lakṣmaṇā", in which Sita questions Rama about her abandonment but her question remains unanswered.Template:Sfn

Characters

Seated man talking to many other men, with trees and musicians in the background

17th-century painting of Kusha and Lava singing the Ramayana at Valmiki's hermitage

A total of 32 characters from the Ramayana were voiced in the Geet Ramayan. Madgulkar expressed the emotions of characters such as Rama, Sita, Hanuman – the monkey (vanara) god and devotee of Rama – and Lakshmana (Rama's brother); he also attempted to give voice to the humblest characters in the epic. The vanara are given a song ("Setū Bāndhā Re Sāgarī") describing a bridge forming over the ocean so Rama and his army could cross to Lanka. The poet noted that the song described the sacrifice of joint labour and was an example of the principle, "Union is strength".Template:Sfn Nishadraj Guha (King of Kevati, kingdom located by the banks of Ganges river) and the boatmen who helped Rama in crossing the Ganges river expressed themselves in "Nakos Nauke Parat Phirū". The author of the Ramayana, Valmiki, was also given a song (the final song, "Gā Bāḷāno, Shrīrāmāyaṇ") with his advice to Rama's sons Kusha and Lava before they appear before Rama.Template:Sfn

Being hero of the Ramayana and Geet Ramayan, Madgulkar expressed the varied moods of Rama; he was the most-voiced character in the Geet Ramayan with ten songs, followed by Sita with eight. He portrayed Rama as a complex character full of emotions and passions, with some of the questionable deeds, yet bound by a traditional virtue and the sanctity of a promise.Template:Sfn Madgulkar voiced Rama's personal ethical dilemmas (in "Vālīvadh Nā, Khalnidrālan" and "Līnate, Cārūte, Sīte") along with his courage (in "Nabhā Bhedunī Nād Chālale"), and steadfastness (in "Līnate, Cārūte, Sīte"). He was shown to be patient with his brothers and mothers (in "Parādhīn Āhe Jagatī Putra Mānavāchā"), obedient of father and sages (in "Calā Rāghavā Calā"), heroic on the battlefield, and diplomatic when dealing with the monkey king, Vali (in "Vālīvadh Nā, Khalnidrālan"). Madgulkar is said to have successfully shown Rama's divinity alongside his human weaknesses.Template:Sfn He was shown to be distracted at the loss Sita (in "Koṭhe Sītā Janakanandinī?"), and wailed in Lakshmana's presence (in "Hī Ticyā Veṇitil Phule").Template:Sfn In another situation, he uttered some heart-wrenching words to Sita, in front of his army with blaming her for all the happenings (in "Līnate, Cārūte, Sīte"), and then he was also shown to explain his behavior with oaths and confessions of loyalty to Sita (in "Lokasākṣa Shuddhī Jhālī").Template:Sfn

Rama's mother, Kausalya, sang three songs; his brother Bharata, his father Dasharatha, Hanuman, Lakshmana, the demon Surpanakha (sister of Ravana), Rama's guru-sage Vishvamitra and Kusha-Lava have two songs each. The central antagonist of the Ramayana, the demon-king Ravana, was not given a song; his oppressive presence was expressed in prose narration, poetic descriptions and songs sung by the other characters (such as Ravana's demon brother Kumbhakarna in "Lankevar Kāḷ Kaṭhin ālā").Template:Sfn

List of songs

List of songs (number, title, singer(s), raga, taal, air date, character(s) and length)
No	Title	Singer(s)	Raga	Taal	Aired On	Character(s)	Length	Ref
Template:Nts	"Kuśa Lava Rāmāyaṇ Gātī" "कुश लव रामायण गाती" Description: The narrator describes the scene where Kusha and Lava (Rama's sons) begin singing the Ramayan taught to them by their guru, Valmiki. They sing before Rama on the occasion of Ashwamedh Yagna, unaware of the relationship between them.	Sudhir Phadke	Bhopali	Bhajani	Template:Dts	Narrator	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Sarayū Tīrāvarī Ayodhyā" "सरयू तीरावरी अयोध्या" Description: Kusha and Lava describe the pleasant life and the people of Ayodhya; however, the childless King Dasharatha and his three wives; Kausalya, Sumitra, Kaikeyi; are unhappy.	• Mandakini Pandey  • Pramodini Desai		Bhajani	Template:Dts	• Kusha  • Lava	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Ugā Kā Kālij Mājhe Ule?" "उगा कां काळिज माझें उले?" Description: Kausalya, the eldest wife of Dasharatha, laments that they have not been blessed with any offspring.	Lalita Phadke		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Kausalya	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Udās Kā Tū?" "उदास कां तूं?" Description: Dasharatha consoles Kausalya, telling her they will perform the Ashwamedh Yagna and give gifts to please Agni dev. He hears a voice, telling him that he will beget four children.	Baban Navdikar	Desh	Bhajani	Template:Dts	Dasharatha	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Daśarathā, Ghe He Pāyasadān" "दशरथा, घे हें पायसदान" Description: Pleased by Dasharatha's devotion, Agni dev appears with the prasad sent by Lord Vishnu and says that the children conceived by the queens after consuming the prasad will be great warriors.	Sudhir Phadke	Bhimpalasi	Bhajani	Template:Dts	Agni	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Rām Janmalā Ga Sakhī" "राम जन्मला ग सखी" Description: Dasharatha and his queens are blessed with four sons, and Ayodhya celebrates joyously.	• Suman Mate  • Janki Iyer  • Kalindi Keskar		Dadra	Template:Dts	Chorus	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Sāvaḷā Ga Rāmcandra" "सांवळा ग रामचंद्र" Description: Kausalya sings happily to the other queens, describing how Rama is growing up.	Lalita Phadke		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Kausalya	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Jyeṣṭha Tujhā Putra Malā" "ज्येष्ठ तुझा पुत्र मला देइ दशरथा" Description: Rama and his brothers grow, studying a number of texts and becoming expert in warrior skills. Sage Vishvamitra asks Dasharatha to take Rama with him to protect the sacred yagnas, which were disrupted by demons.	Ram Phatak	Puriya Dhanashree	Ektal	Template:Dts	Vishvamitra	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Mār Hī Trātikā Rāmcandrā" "मार ही त्राटिका, रामचंद्रा" Description: On their way, Vishvamitra teaches and tells stories to Rama and Lakshmana until they are attacked by a demon named Tratika and her sons, Subahu and Maricha. Vishvamitra describes the evil she brings, and orders Rama to kill her.	Ram Phatak	Shankara	Jhaptal	Template:Dts	Vishvamitra	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Calā Rāghavā Calā" "चला राघवा चला" Description: Killing Tratika and Subahu and chasing the demon Maricha, Rama's valour impresses everyone. The King of Mithila, Janaka, is preparing for a yagna and the rishis ask Rama to come along.	Chandrakant Gokhale	Bibhas	Bhajani	Template:Dts	Rishi	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Āj Mī Śāpmucta Jāhale" Template:Dagger "आज मी शापमुक्त जाहलें" Description: On their way to Mithila Rama finds an old, abandoned place where Vishvamitra tells him the story of Ahalya, wife of the sage Gautama Maharishi, and asks him to end her curse.	Malati Pandey	Template:Sort dash	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Ahalya	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Svayamvar Jhāle Sītece" "स्वयंवर झालें सीतेचे" Description: At Mithila, Rama wins the swayamvara and marries Janaka's daughter Sita.	Sudhir Phadke		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Charan	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Vhāyace Rām Āyodhyāpati" "व्हायचे राम आयोध्यापति" Description: Seeing Rama content in married life and his affairs, Dasharatha decides to crown him as the next King of Ayodhya. Sita's sisters sing, announcing the news to Sita.	• Suman Mate  • Usha Atre  • Janaki Iyer  • Yogini Joglekar  • Mrs. Jog		Keherwa	Template:Dts	• Urmila  • Mandavi  • Shrutakirti  • Chorus	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Modu Nakā Vacanās" "मोडुं नका वचनास" Description: Afraid that her son Bharata would become hapless if Rama becomes King, Kaikeyi asks Dasharatha to exile Rama and crown Bharata instead.	Kumidini Pednekar	Bihag	Tintal	Template:Dts	Kaikeyi	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Nako Re Jāu Rāmarāyā" "नको रे जाउं रामराया" Description: Rama agrees to leave the kingdom, but Kausalya sadly pleads with him to stay.	Lalita Phadke		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Kausalya	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Rāmāviṇ Rājyapadī Koṇ Baisato?" "रामाविण राज्यपदीं कोण बैसतो?" Description: Lakshmana is furious, and questions the turn of events. He praises Rama as best to inherit the kingdom, and promises to see this done.	Suresh Haldankar		Ektal	Template:Dts	Lakshmana	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Jethe Rāghav Tethe Sītā" "जेथें राघव तेथें सीता" Description: Rama accepts Laxmana's request to accompany him, and asks his wife Sita for permission to leave. However, Sita has decided to follow her husband wherever he goes.	Manik Varma	Madhuvanti	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Sita	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Thāmb Sumantā, Thāmbavi Re Rath" "थांब सुमंता, थांबवि रे रथ" Description: Seeing Rama leave Ayodhya with his wife and brother, the residents beg him to stay. They ask Sumanta, the minister of Ayodhya who is driving the chariot, to stop. They follow Rama to the Ganga River.	Chorus	Todi	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Chorus	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Nakos Nauke Parat Phirū" "नकोस नौके परत फिरूं" Description: On the banks of the Ganga, Rama asks a boatman to take them across the river to continue their journey, and he complies.	Chorus		Keherwa	Template:Dts	• Nishadraj Guha  • Boatman	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Yā Ithe, Lakṣmaṇā, Bāndh Kutī" "या इथें, लक्ष्मणा, बांध कुटी" Description: The trio reaches the Chitrakoot region. Praising the place, Rama asks Lakshmana for a building on the banks of the Mandakini River.	Sudhir Phadke		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Rama	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Bolale Ituke Maj Shrīrām" "बोलले इतुके मज श्रीराम" Description: Sumanta returns to Ayodhya, and reports on Rama. He tells Kausalya and Sumitra not to worry about him, and to forgive Kaikeyi, and asks Bharata to rule the kingdom wisely.	Gajanan Watave	Jogkans	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Sumant	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Dāṭalā Cohikade Andhār" "दाटला चोहिकडे अंधार" Description: Dasharatha is unable to bear the pain of Rama's exile, and remembers how Shravan's blind parents cursed him. Singing that he now sees only darkness everywhere, he dies.	Sudhir Phadke		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Dasharatha	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Mātā Na Tū, Vairiṇī" "माता न तूं, वैरिणी" Description: Enraged, Bharata curses his mother Kaikeyi for causing Dashratha's death and sending Rama away. He decides to bring Rama back and make him the king.	Vasantrao Deshpande	Adana	Tintal	Template:Dts	Bharata	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Cāpabāṇ Ghyā Karī" "चापबाण घ्या करीं" Description: Lakshmana notices a commotion, and discovers that Bharata is coming. He is angry and puzzled, wondering what more Bharata could now want from Rama.	Suresh Haldankar	Kedar	Ektal	Template:Dts	Lakshmana	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Parādhīn Āhe Jagatī Putra Mānavāchā" "पराधीन आहे जगतीं पुत्र मानवाचा" Description: When Bharata finds Rama, Rama explains how humans are dependent on their fate; therefore, he should not feel sorry for him. He asks Bharata to return, rule Ayodhya and not look for Rama again until his exile ends.	Sudhir Phadke	Yaman Kalyan	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Rama	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Tāt Gele, Māya Gelī" "तात गेले, माय गेली" Description: Bharata informs Rama of Dasharatha's death, pleading with him to return since he is incapable of ruling the kingdom. Rama refuses; Bharata requests his paduka as a sign of his blessings and leaves.	Vasantrao Deshpande	Puriya Dhanashree	Rupak	Template:Dts	Bharata	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Koṇ Tū, Kuṭhalā Rājakumār?" "कोण तूं कुठला राजकुमार?" Description: While wandering in the forest, Ravana's sister Shurpanakha sees him. She asks to marry him; he politely refuses, since he is already married to Sita.	Malati Pandey		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Surpanakha	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Sūḍ Ghe Tyācā Lankāpati" "सूड घे त्याचा लंकापति" Description: Angry, Shurpanaka pleads with Ravana to avenge Lakshmana for cutting her nose. She praises Ravana, saying that he deserves to marry Sita, and asks him to solve the problems caused by the two brothers.	Yogini Joglekar		Tintal	Template:Dts	Surpanakha	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Maj Āṇun Dyā To" "मज आणुन द्या तो" Description: Ravana sends the demon Maricha, in the form of a golden deer. Sita is attracted by the bejewelled, sparkling deer, and sends Rama to fetch it.	Manik Varma		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Sita	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Yāckā, Thāmbu Nako Dārāta" Template:Dagger "याचका, थांबु नको दारात" Description: Seeing Rama and Lakshmana chasing the deer far away, Ravana comes to abduct Sita. Comparing him with Rama, Sita criticises his evil intentions and asks him to leave.	Manik Varma	Template:Sort dash	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Sita	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Koṭhe Sītā Janakanandinī?" "कोठें सीता जनकनंदिनी?" Description: Rama is unable to find Sita when he returns from the hunt. He laments his fate, and asks the surrounding trees where Sita is.	Sudhir Phadke		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Rama	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Hī Ticyā Veṇitil Phule" "हीं तिच्या वेणिंतिल फुलें" Description: Searching for his wife, Rama finds her footprints and flowers she wore in her hair. He sees signs of a fight between two warriors, but is unable to figure out what happened.	Sudhir Phadke	Bhairavi	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Rama	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Palavilī Rāvaṇe Sītā" "पळविली रावणें सीता" Description: Rama sees the injured Jatayu nearby. Jatayu tells him how he fought Ravana (and was fatally injured) while trying to rescue Sita. He then directs them towards Lanka, where Ravana flew away with Sita.	Ram Phatak		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Jatayu	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Dhanya Mī Śabarī Shrīrāmā" "धन्य मी शबरी श्रीरामा" Description: Rama meets Shabari on his way. She sings, pleased to see him, and offers him berries.	Malati Pandey		Bhajani	Template:Dts	Shabari	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Sanmitra Rāghavānchā Sugrīv Aāj Jhālā" "सन्मित्र राघवांचा सुग्रीव आज झाला" Description: After meeting Rama, Sugriva (the vanara king of Kishkindha) tells the story of how his brother Vali took his wife Rumā and his kingdom. He pleads with Rama for help, and offers his vanara force to search for Sita. Rama decides to help him by killing Vali.	V. L. Inamdar	Brindabani Sarang	Ektal	Template:Dts	Sugriva	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Vālīvadh Nā, Khalnidrālan" "वालीवध ना, खलनिर्दालन" Description: After shooting Vali with an arrow, Vali asks Rama why. Rama replies that Vali should have forgiven Sugriva, since a younger brother is like one's own son. Rama justifies his interference by saying that he has King Bharata's permission to punish evil. He justifies attacking the unarmed Sugriva by comparing him with a deer that is killed by a hunter without warning.	Sudhir Phadke	Kedar	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Rama	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Asā Hā Ekaca Shrīhanumān" "असा हा एकच श्रीहनुमान्" Description: Jambavan praises Hanuman for his ability to fly across the sea and find Sita in Ravana's Lanka. He describes Hanuman's childhood attempt to swallow the sun, and encourages him to fly high.	Vasantrao Deshpande	Multani	Bhajani	Template:Dts	Jambavan	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Hīca Tī Rāmāchī Swāminī" "हीच ती रामांची स्वामिनी" Description: Hanuman flies to Lanka in search of Sita. He finally finds her in a garden, weeping and waiting for her husband to rescue her from Ravana's confinement.	V. L. Inamdar	Tilang	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Hanuman	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Nako Karūs Valganā" "नको करूंस वल्गना" Description: Sita tells Ravana to let her go to her husband, promising him that Rama would forgive all his sins; if he does not let her leave, he will be killed by the archer Rama.	Manik Varma	Shankara	Ektal	Template:Dts	Sita	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Maj Sāng Avasthā Dūtā" "मज सांग अवस्था दूता" Description: When Hanuman sees Sita, he gives her Rama's ring. She asks about him, and about when her husband will kill the demon Ravana.	Manik Varma	Bhimpalasi	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Sita	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Peṭavi Lankā Hanumant" "पेटवी लंका हनुमंत" Description: Lava and Kusha describe Hanuman setting fire to Lanka.	• Mandakini Pandey  • Pramodini Joshi	Malkaush	Keherwa	Template:Dts	• Kusha  • Lava	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Setū Bāndhā Re Sāgarī" "सेतू बांधा रे सागरीं" Description: To reach the island of Lanka, the vanaras build a bridge. The bridge stones float on the water when they are inscribed, "Sri Rama".	Chorus		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Vanaras	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Raghuvarā, Bolat Kā Nāhī" "रघुवरा, बोलत कां नाहीं?" Description: Ravana, with Vidyujivha's help, fools Sita by showing her Rama's bow and his broken head. Sita is grief-stricken.	Manik Varma		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Sita	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Sugrīvā He Sāhas Asale" "सुग्रीवा, हें साहस असलें" Description: After Sugriva attacks Ravana and loses the fight Rama scolds him for his impulsiveness, asking him to plan his attack next time.	Sudhir Phadke		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Rama	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Rāvaṇās Sāng Angadā" "रावणास सांग अंगदा" Description: Rama sends Angada to Ravana with his message, suggesting that if Ravana gives Sita away war will be averted.	Sudhir Phadke	Sarang	Ektal	Template:Dts	Rama	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Nabhā Bhedunī Nād Chālale" "नभा भेदुनी नाद चालले" Description: Kusha and Lava describe the pitched battle between the vanara and the rakshasa.	• Mandakini Pandey  • Pramodini Joshi	Bhairavi	Keherwa	Template:Dts	• Kusha  • Lava	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Lankevar Kāḷ Kaṭhin" "लंकेवर काळ कठिण" Description: Seeing the poor condition of Lanka in the battle, Ravana wakes Kumbhakarana from his long sleep and he then enters the battlefield.	V. L. Inamdar	Hindol	Khemta	Template:Dts	Kumbhakarna	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Āj Kā Niṣphaḷ Hotī Bāṇ" "आज कां निष्फळ होती बाण?" Description: Rama vainly tries many times to kill Ravana with his arrows. Helpless, he is unable to solve the mystery.	Sudhir Phadke		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Rama	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Bhūvarī Rāvaṇvadha Jhālā" "भूवरी रावणवध झाला" Description: After Vibhishan reveals Ravana's secret Rama shoots him in the navel, killing him. Joyous at the demon's death, Gandharvas and Apsaras sing praise to Rama.	Chorus		Bhajani	Template:Dts	• Gandharva  • Apsara	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Līnate, Cārūte, Sīte" "लीनते, चारुते, सीते" Description: After the war ends, Rama frees Sita and they are reunited.	Sudhir Phadke	Yamani Bilaval	Keherwa	Template:Dts	Rama	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Lokasākṣa Shuddhī Jhālī" "लोकसाक्ष शुद्धी झाली" Description: When people raise doubts about Sita's chastity, Sita proves herself in a trial by ordeal.	Sudhir Phadke		Bhajani	Template:Dts	Rama	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Trīvār Jayajayakār Rāmā" "त्रिवार जयजयकार, रामा" Description: Rama returns to Ayodhya in a pushpaka vimana, and the citizens celebrate his arrival.	Chorus	Bhairavi	Bhajani	Template:Dts	Chorus	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Prabho, Maj Ekac Var Dyāvā" "प्रभो, मज एकच वर द्यावा" Description: Hanuman asks for Rama's blessing and a place near his feet, saying that he would always be devoted to him.	Ram Phatak		Bhajani	Template:Dts	Hanuman	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Dohāḷe Puravā Raghukulatilakā" "डोहाळे पुरवा रघुकुलतिलका" Description: Sita announces her pregnancy to Rama, telling him how happy she is and about the many things she wishes to do.	Manik Varma		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Sita	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Maj Sāng Lakṣmaṇā" "मज सांग लक्ष्मणा" Description: When some citizens still question Sita's chastity, Rama abandons her. She pleads with her brother-in-law, Lakshmana, to help her.	Lata Mangeshkar		Keherwa	Template:Dts	Sita	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Template:Nts	"Gā Bāḷāno, Shrīrāmāyaṇ" "गा बाळांनो, श्रीरामायण" Description: Sita takes shelter in the sage Valmiki's ashram, where she gives birth to twin sons: Kusha and Lava. Valmiki educates them, teaching them the Ramayan and asking them to spread the message.	Sudhir Phadke	Bhairavi	Bhajani	Template:Dts	Valmiki	Template:Tts	Template:Sfnm
Total							7:35:42
Template:Dagger	Independent composition

Performances

After Geet Ramayan's original broadcast was over in March of 1956, requests of re-broadcast were flooding the radio station. All-India Radio repeated the entire series of fifty-six weekly songs due to popular demand.Template:Sfn After the broadcast, Phadke produced public concerts of selected songs. The first public performance was held in the Madgulkars' bungalow, "Panchavati" at Wakdewadi, Pune on 28 May 1958.Template:Sfn In 1979, a Silver Jubilee celebration of the programme took place at the New English School in Pune for eight nights.Template:Sfn Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Minister of External Affairs, attended the show as the guest of honour along with the then Deputy Prime Minister of India Yashwantrao Chavan, Bollywood film director Basu Bhattacharya, actor Dada Kondke, and celebrated classical singers such as Bhimsen Joshi and Kishori Amonkar.Template:Sfn Vajpayee also attended the Golden Jubilee celebration with Sharad Pawar and Balasaheb Thackeray. National Award-winning art director Nitin Chandrakant Desai designed the stage depicting scenes from the Ramayana. The event featured all the songs from the original Geet Ramayan now vocalized by Madgulkar's son Anand Madgulkar, Shridhar Phadke, Suresh Wadkar, Upendra Bhat, Padmaja Phenany Joglekar and others.Template:Sfn

Reception

As the radio programme became popular, daily newspapers in Pune began printing the lyrics of the new songs each week. The publication department of All India Radio also compiled the lyrics and excerpts from the introductory comments in a book form. The 179-page volume, then priced at Template:INR 2, was launched on 3 October 1957 on the occasion of Vijayadashami.Template:Sfn In 1965, His Master's Voice released ten LPs featuring the voice of Sudhir Phadke. In 1968, the Gramophone Company of India released a 10-cassette set, again featuring Phadke's voice, and 50,000 records were sold.Template:Sfn Madgulkar's son, Anand, produced a televised version showcasing twenty-eight episodes of the Geet Ramayan on Zee Marathi; however, it received a lukewarm response.Template:Sfn He has also written a book, Geet Ramayanache Ramayan, describing the making of the radio programme. Live shows of Geet Ramayan are still produced on occasion of Rama Navami.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Geet Ramayan has been translated into nine other languages and also transliterated into Braille. The translations are:Template:Sfn

Bengali

• By Kamala Bhagwat, a performer from Calcutta

English

• By Mr. Ursekar, a retired judge who used a Shakespearean style

Gujarati

• By Hansraj Thakkar of Mumbai; sung by Hansraj Thakkar and Kumud Bhagwat

Hindi

• By Rudradatta Mishra of Gwalior, and published by Nagesh Joshi; sung by Vasant Ajgaonkar
• By Hari Narayan Vyas; sung by Bal Gokhle
• By Kusum Tambe of Mandla, Madhya Pradesh
• By an unknown singer from Nagpur, Avadhi
• By Bal Gokhale of Baroda

Kannada

• By B. H. Tofakhane; sung by Upendra Bhat

Konkani

• By Mr. Kamath; sung by Upendra Bhat
• By B.V. BaligaTemplate:Sfn

Sanskrit

• By Vasant Gadgil; sung by Malati Pande, Kamala Ketkar and Sanjay Upadhye
• By Sitaram Datar of Andheri, Thane sung by Milind Karmarkar, Madhuri Karmarkar and Sudha Datar

Sindhi

• By poet and singer Rita Shahani, who performed the songs as classical ragas.Template:Sfn Also, choreographed and directed a dance-drama based on the book.Template:Sfn

Telugu

• By Vanamamalai Varadacharya; sung by Dhondushastri and Shyamala Satyanarayan Rao

See also

Ramavataram

External links

• Geet Ramayana – Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
• An English Translation of Geet Ramayana
• Official site of Ga. Di. Madgulkar – I
• Official site of Ga. Di. Madgulkar – II