Garðaríki

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File:GardarikiTownsEngRusFirst.png
Towns of Script error: No such module "Lang". mentioned in Old Scandinavian sources, according to T. Jackson,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". E. Melnikova,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". K. Müllenhoff,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". V. Thomsen,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and A. Bugge.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Script error: No such module "Lang". (anglicized Gardariki or Gardarike)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". or Script error: No such module "Lang". was the Old Norse term used in the Middle Ages for the lands of Rus'.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Efn According to Göngu-Hrólfs saga, the name Script error: No such module "Lang". (also used as a name for Novgorodian Rus')Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". was synonymous with Script error: No such module "Lang"., and these names were used interchangeably in several other Old Norse stories.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

As the Varangians dealt mainly with the northern lands of Rus',Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". their sagas regard the city of Script error: No such module "Lang". (usually identified with Novgorod)Template:EfnScript error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". as the capital of Script error: No such module "Lang"..Template:EfnScript error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Other important places of Script error: No such module "Lang". mentioned in the sagas that have generally been identified with well known historical towns are Script error: No such module "Lang". (Ladoga),Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Kiev),Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Polotsk),Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Smolensk),Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Suzdal),Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Murom),Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Rostov).Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

At least seven of the Varangian runestones, G 114,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". N 62,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Sö 148,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Sö 338,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". U 209,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". U 636,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Öl 28,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". refer to Scandinavian men who had been in Script error: No such module "Lang"..Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Etymology

File:Gardariki Etymology Diagram.png
Etymology of Script error: No such module "Lang". according to R. Cleasby & G. Vigfússon,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". R. Derksen,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". J. de Vries,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". P. Durkin,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". T. Jackson,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". M. L. Jøndal,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". J. T. Koch,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". G. Kroonen,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". J. P. Mallory & D. Q. Adams,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". E. Melnikova,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". E. Nosov,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". V. Orel,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. Pritsak,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". H. Rix & M. Kümmel,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". F. Wachler,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and G. Zoëga.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

The word Script error: No such module "Lang"., which first appeared in Icelandic sagas in the twelfth century,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". could stem from the words Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Template:Wikt-lang (an empire, realm, kingdom)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Efn according to the common Scandinavian pattern for state formations X+ríki.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "Lang". is the genitive form of Script error: No such module "Lang".,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". therefore the compound Script error: No such module "Lang". could be translated into English as "the kingdom of Garðar" or "the empire of Garðar".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The name Script error: No such module "Lang". itself was used in skaldic poems, runic inscriptions and early sagas up to the twelfth century to refer to the lands to the east of Scandinavia populated by the Rus' people,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". primarily to Novgorodian Rus'.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The toponym Rússía (Russia) likely appeared after most of the sagas had been written, in the 13th–14th centuries.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Script error: No such module "Lang". is a plural form of the Old Norse word Template:Wikt-lang which referred to 1) a fence; 2) a fortification; 3) a yard; 4) a court; 5) a farm; 6) a village house,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Efn while the related Old Russian word городъTemplate:Efn referred to 1) a fence; 2) a fortification; 3) a field defensive work; 4) a settlement.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Since there is an overlapping meaning among the ones these related words once had ("a fence, a fortified place"), both garðr and городъ could mean the same at one time in the past.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Thus, some researches interpreted Script error: No such module "Lang". as a collective name for Old Rus' townsScript error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". encountered by Scandinavians on their way from Lyubsha and Ladoga down the Volkhov River into other Slavonic lands.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The younger toponym Script error: No such module "Lang". could mean "the realm of towns", or "the country of towns".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Legendary kings

  • Odin (Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (king of Script error: No such module "Lang". in Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Efn
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (king from Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (king of Ruziland, Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

See also

Notes

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Citations

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References

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Literature

  • Brandt, Dagmar: Script error: No such module "Lang". (novel). 2 Volumes, Berlin 1943. Reprint Script error: No such module "Lang"..
  • Jakobsson, Sverrir, The Varangians: In God’s Holy Fire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), Template:ISBN

External links

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