Freiherr

File:Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg

Typical coronet with seven pearls, as used on a coat of arms

(; male, abbreviated as ), (; his wife, abbreviated as , Template:Lit) and (, his unmarried daughters and maiden aunts) are designations used as titles of nobility in the German-speaking areas of the Holy Roman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and in its various successor states, including Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, etc. Traditionally, it denotes the titled rank within the nobility above (knight) and (nobility without a specific title) and below (count or earl). The title superseded the earlier medieval form, .

It corresponds approximately to the English baron in rank. The Duden orthography of the German language references the French nobility title of Baron, deriving from the Latin-Germanic combination liber baro (which also means "free lord"), as corresponding to the German "Freiherr"; and that Baron is a corresponding salutation for a Freiherr.

in the feudal system

The title derives from the historical situation in which an owner held free (allodial) title to his land, as opposed "unmittelbar" ("unintermediated"), or held without any intermediate feudal tenure; or unlike the ordinary baron, who was originally a knight () in vassalage to a higher lord or sovereign, unlike medieval German ministerials, who were bound to provide administrative services for a lord. A sometimes exercised hereditary administrative and judicial prerogatives over those resident in his barony instead of the liege lord, who might be the duke () or count ().

Freiherr vs. Baron

The German-language title of is rendered in English as "Baron", although the title was derived separately in the two languages. Even in German, a is often styled as and addressed by the more elegant, Latin equivalent "Baron" in social circumstances, although not the official title.

Separately, in the 19th century some families of the Baltic German nobility who had historically carried the title of were recognized by the Tsardom of Russia as noble in the form of ukases additionally awarding the equivalent Russian title of . When in 1919 privileges to members of dynastic and noble families were abolished by the constitution of the Weimar Republic and hence titles became part of the last name some members of the affected families chose to be officially named while others preferred to emphasize their Baltic-German heritage. This is why members of the same family can have different official last names.

The original distinction from other barons was that a Template:'s landed property was allodial instead of a fief.

Barons who received their title from the Holy Roman Emperor are sometimes known as "Barons of the Holy Roman Empire" (), in order to distinguish them from other barons, although the title as such was simply . After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, did not belong to the noble hierarchy of any realm, but by a decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, their titles were nonetheless officially recognised. From 1806 the then independent German monarchies, such as Bavaria, Württemberg and Lippe could create their own nobility, including (although the Elector of Brandenburg had, as king of the originally exclusively extraterritorial Prussia even before that date, arrogated to himself the prerogative of ennoblement). Some of the older baronial families began to use in formal contexts to distinguish themselves from the new classes of barons created by monarchs of lesser stature than the Holy Roman Emperors, and this usage is far from obsolete.

Function

Prior to abolition of nobility

As with most titles and designations within the nobility in the German-speaking areas of Europe, the rank was normally hereditary and would generally be used together with the nobiliary particle of or (sometimes both: ) before a family name.

The inheritance of titles of nobility in most German-speaking areas was not restricted by primogeniture as is the baronial title in Britain. Hence, the titles applied equally to all male-line descendants of the original grantee in perpetuity: All legitimate sons of a shared his title and rank, and could be referred to as . The wife of a is titled (literally "free lady"), and the daughter of a is called (short for ). Both titles are translated in English as "Baroness".

In Prussia and some other countries in northern Europe, the title of Freiherr was, as long as the monarchy existed, usually used preceding a person's given name (e.g. ). In Austria-Hungary and Bavaria, however, it would be inserted between the given name and the family name (e.g. ).

Since abolition of nobility

After the First World War, the monarchies were abolished in most German-speaking areas of Europe, and the nobility lost recognition as a legal class in the newly created republics of Germany and Austria.

In Austria

The Republic of Austria abolished hereditary noble titles for its citizens by the of 3 April 1919 and the corresponding decree of the state government. The public use of such titles was and still is prohibited, and violations could be fined. , as an Austrian citizen, therefore lost his title of and would simply be named as in his Austrian passport.

In practice, however, former noble titles are still used socially in Austria; some people consider it a matter of courtesy to use them. The late , in his childhood Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, was styled in his post-1919 Austrian passport, and in his German passport (he was a Member of the European Parliament for Germany).

In 2003, the Constitutional Court () ruled that an Austrian woman having been adopted by a German carrying an aristocratic title as part of his name is not allowed to carry this title in her name. The Federal Administrative Court () in a similar case asked the European Court of Justice whether this Austrian regulation would violate the right of the European Union; the European Court of Justice did not object to the Austrian decision not to accept the words as part of an Austrian woman's name.

In Germany

The German republic, under Article 109 of the Weimar Constitution of 1919, legally transformed all hereditary noble titles into dependent parts of the legal surname. The former title thus became a part of the family name, and moved in front of the family name. , as a German citizen, therefore became . As dependent parts of the surnames ("") they are ignored in alphabetical sorting of names, as is a possible nobiliary particle, such as , and might or might not be used by those bearing them. Female forms of titles have been legally accepted as a variation in the surname after 1919 by a still valid decision of the former German High Court (). The distinguishing main surname is the name, following the Freiherr, Freifrau or Freiin and, where applicable, the nobiliary particle – in the preceding example, the main surname is and so alphabetically is listed under "S".

Parallel titles

Similar titles have been seen in parts of Europe that have historically been dominated by Germany (in the cultural sense): the Baltic States, Austria–Hungary, Sweden, Finland and to some extent in Denmark–Norway.

Swedish and Danish–Norwegian title

From the Middle Ages onward, each head of a Swedish noble house was entitled to vote in any provincial council when held, as in the Realm's , later . In 1561, King Eric XIV began to grant some noblemen the titles of count () or baron (). The family members of a were entitled to the same title, which in time became Baron or Baronessa colloquially: thus a person who formally is a now might use the title of "Baron" before his name, and he might also be spoken of as "a baron".

However, after the change of constitution in 1809, newly created baronships in principle conferred the dignity only in primogeniture. In the now valid Swedish Instrument of Government (1974), the possibility to create nobility is eliminated; and since the beginning of the twenty-first century, noble dignities have passed from the official sphere to the private.

In Denmark and Norway, the title of was of equal rank to that of Baron, which has gradually replaced it. It was instituted on 25 May 1671 with Christian V's privileges. Today only a few Danish noble families use the title of and most of those are based in Sweden, where that version of the title is still more commonly used; a Danish generally is addressed as "Baron". The wife of a Danish or Norwegian is titled , and the daughters are formally addressed as . With the first free Constitution of Denmark of 1849 came a complete abolition of the privileges of the nobility. Today titles are only of ceremonial interest in the circles around the monarchy of Denmark.

Finnish title

In 1561, the Swedish king Eric XIV conferred the hereditary titles of count and ("baron") on some persons, not all of them nobles. This prerogative was confirmed in the constitutional arrangements of 1625. All family members of (baronial) families were entitled to that same title, which in practice, came to mean that they were addressed as or . The Finnish nobility shares most of its origins with Swedish nobility. In the beginning, they were all without honorific titulature, and known just as "lords". In subsequent centuries, while Finland remained an autonomous grand duchy, many families were raised in rank as counts, s, or as untitled nobles. Theoretically, all created families were given a barony (with some rights of taxation and jurisprudence), but such fiefs were only granted in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thereafter the "barony" was titular, usually in chief of some already-owned property, and sometimes that property was established as a . Their property tax exemption continued into the 20th century, being, however, diminished substantially by reforms of the 19th century.

See also

• Imperial Knight
• Boyar

External links

• Nobility FAQ Template:Webarchive