Foot (unit)

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:CS1 config Template:Infobox unit The foot (standard symbol: ft)[1][2] is a unit of length in the British imperial and United States customary systems of measurement. The prime symbol, Template:Char, is commonly used to represent the foot.[3] In both customary and imperial units, one foot comprises 12 inches, and one yard comprises three feet. Since an international agreement in 1959, the foot is defined as equal to exactly 0.3048Template:Nbspmeters. The most common plural of foot is feet. However, the singular form may be used like a plural when it is preceded by a number, as in "that man is six foot tall".[4]

Historically, the "foot" was a part of many local systems of units, including the Greek, Roman, Chinese, French, and English systems. It varied in length from country to country, from city to city, and sometimes from trade to trade. Its length was usually between Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt and was generally, but not always, subdivided into twelve inches or 16 digits.

The United States is the only industrialized country that uses the (international) foot in preference to the meter in its commercial, engineering, and standards activities.[5] The foot is legally recognized in the United Kingdom; road distance signs must use imperial units (however, distances on road signs are marked in miles or yards, not feet; bridge clearances are given in meters as well as feet and inches), while its usage is widespread among the British public as a measurement of height.[6][7] The foot is recognized as an alternative expression of length in Canada.[8] Both the UK and Canada have partially metricated their units of measurement. The measurement of altitude in international aviation (the flight level unit) is one of the few areas where the foot is used outside the English-speaking world.

Historical origin

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File:Determination of the rute and the feet in Frankfurt.png
Determination of the rod, using the length of the left foot of 16 randomly chosen people coming from church service. Woodcut published in the book Script error: No such module "Lang". by Jakob Köbel (Frankfurt, Template:C.).

Historically, the human body has been used to provide the basis for units of length.[9] The foot of an adult European-American male is typically about 15.3% of his height,[10] giving a person of Template:Convert a foot-length of about Template:Convert, on average.

Archaeologists believe that in the past, the people of Egypt, India, and Mesopotamia preferred the cubit, while the people of Rome, Greece, and China preferred the footScript error: No such module "Unsubst".. Under the Harappan linear measures, Indus cities during the Bronze Age used a foot of Template:Convert and a cubit of Template:Convert.[11] The Egyptian equivalent of the foot—a measure of four palms or 16 digits—was known as the Script error: No such module "Lang". and has been reconstructed as about Template:Convert.

The Greek foot (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".) had a length of Template:Sfrac of a stadion,[12] one stadion being about Template:Convert;[13] therefore a foot was about Template:Convert. Its exact size varied from city to city and could range between Template:Convert and Template:Convert, but lengths used for temple construction appear to have been about Template:Convert to Template:Convert.

The standard Roman foot (Script error: No such module "Lang".) was normally about Template:Convert,[14] but in some provinces, particularly Germania Inferior, the so-called Script error: No such module "Lang". (foot of Nero Claudius Drusus) was sometimes used, with a length of about Template:Convert. (In reality, this foot predated Drusus.)[15][16] Originally both the Greeks and the Romans subdivided the foot into 16 digits, but in later years, the Romans also subdivided the foot into 12 Script error: No such module "Lang". (from which both the English words "inch" and "ounce" are derived). After the fall of the Roman Empire, some Roman traditions were continued but others fell into disuse. In 790 Charlemagne attempted to reform the units of measure in his domains. His units of length were based on the Script error: No such module "Lang". and in particular the Script error: No such module "Lang"., the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms of a man.[17] The Script error: No such module "Lang". has 6 Script error: No such module "Lang". (feet) each of Template:Convert. He was unsuccessful in introducing a standard unit of length throughout his realm: an analysis of the measurements of Charlieu Abbey shows that during the 9th century the Roman foot of Template:Convert was used; when it was rebuilt in the 10th century, a foot of about Template:ConvertTemplate:Efn was used. At the same time, monastic buildings used the Carolingian foot of Template:Convert.Template:Efn[18]

The procedure for verification of the foot as described in the 16th century posthumously published work by Jacob Köbel in his book Script error: No such module "Lang". is:[19][20]

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Stand at the door of a church on a Sunday and bid 16 men to stop, tall ones and small ones, as they happen to pass out when the service is finished; then make them put their left feet one behind the other, and the length thus obtained shall be a right and lawful rood to measure and survey the land with, and the 16th part of it shall be the right and lawful foot.

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England and Wales

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File:Imperial measurement standards, Greenwich.JPG
The unofficial public imperial measurement standards erected at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich in the 19th century

The Neolithic long foot, first proposed by archeologists Mike Parker Pearson and Andrew Chamberlain, is based upon calculations from surveys of Phase 1 elements at Stonehenge. They found that the underlying diameters of the stone circles had been consistently laid out using multiples of a base unit amounting to 30 long feet, which they calculated to be 1.056 of a modern international foot (thus 12.672 inches or 0.3219 m). Furthermore, this unit is identifiable in the dimensions of some stone lintels at the site, and in the diameter of the "southern circle" at nearby Durrington Walls. Evidence that this unit was in widespread use across southern Britain is available from the Folkton Drums from Yorkshire (Neolithic artifacts made from chalk with circumferences that exactly divide as integers into ten long feet) and a similar object, the Lavant drum, excavated at Lavant, Sussex, again with a circumference divisible as a whole number into ten long feet.[21]

The measures of Iron Age Britain are uncertain, and proposed reconstructions such as the megalithic yard are controversial. Later Welsh legend credited Dyfnwal Moelmud with the establishment of their units, including a foot of 9 inches. The Belgic or North German foot of Template:Convert was introduced to England either by the Belgic Celts during their invasions prior to the Roman conquest of Britain (AD 43) or by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th and 6th centuries.

Roman units were introduced following their conquest. After the Roman withdrawal and the Saxon invasions, the Roman foot continued to be used in the construction crafts, while the Belgic foot was used for land measurement. Both the Welsh and Belgic feet seem to have been based on multiples of the barleycorn, but by as early as 950 the English kings seem to have (ineffectually) ordered measures to be based upon an iron yardstick at Winchester and then London. Henry I was said to have ordered a new standard to be based upon the length of his own arm and, by the Template:Circa act concerning the Composition of Yards and Perches[22] traditionally credited to Edward I or Edward II, the statute foot was a different measure, exactly Template:Sfrac of the old (Belgic) foot. The barleycorn, inch, ell, and yard were likewise shrunk, while rods and furlongs remained the same.[23] The ambiguity over the length of the mile was resolved by the 1593 Act against Converting of Great Houses into Several Tenements and for Restraint of Inmates and Inclosures in and near about the City of London and Westminster, which codified the statute mile as comprising 5,280 feet. The 1959 adoption of the international foot completed a redefinition of the foot in terms of the meter.

Definition

International foot

The international yard and pound agreement of July 1959 defined the length of the international yard in the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations as exactly 0.9144 meters. Consequently, since a foot is one third of a yard, the international foot is defined as exactly 0.3048 meters. This was 2 ppm shorter than the previous US definition and 1.7 ppm longer than the previous British definition.[24] The 1959 agreement concluded a series of step-by-step events, set off in particular by the British Standards Institution's adoption of a scientific standard inch of 25.4 millimeters in 1930.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standard symbol for a foot is "ft".[1] In some cases, the foot is denoted by a prime, often approximated by an apostrophe, and the inch by a double prime; for example, 2Template:Nbspfeet 4 inches is sometimes denoted 2′Template:Nbsp4″.[25]

Imperial units

In Imperial units, the foot was defined as Template:Sfrac yard, with the yard being realized as a physical standard (separate from the standard meter). The yard standards of the different Commonwealth countries were periodically compared with one another.[26] The value of the United Kingdom primary standard of the yard was determined in terms of the meter by the National Physical Laboratory in 1964 to be Template:Val,[27] implying a pre-1959 UK foot of Template:Val. The UK adopted the international yard for all purposes through the Weights and Measures Act 1963, effective January 1, 1964.[28]

Survey foot

When the international foot was defined in 1959, a great deal of survey data was already available based on the former definitions, especially in the United States and in India. The small difference between the survey foot and the international foot would not be detectable on a survey of a small parcel but becomes significant for mapping or when the state plane coordinate system (SPCS) is used in the US, because the origin of the system may be hundreds of thousands of feet (hundreds of miles) from the point of interest. Hence the previous definitions continued to be used for surveying in the United States and India for many years and are denoted survey feet to distinguish them from the international foot. The United Kingdom was unaffected by this problem, as the retriangulation of Great Britain (1936–62) had been done in meters.

United StatesScript error: No such module "anchor".

In the United States, the foot was defined as 12 inches, with the inch being defined by the Mendenhall Order of 1893 via 39.37 inches = 1 m (making a US foot exactly Template:SfracTemplate:Nbspmeters, approximately Template:Val).Template:R[29]

On December 31, 2022, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Geodetic Survey, and the United States Department of Commerce deprecated use of the US survey foot and recommended conversion to either the meter or the international foot (0.3048 m).[30][31][32] However, the historic relevance of the US survey foot persists, as the Federal Register notes:[33]

Template:Quote

State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions, although the difference (two ppm) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). Out of 50 states and six other jurisdictions, 40 have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the US survey foot, six have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot, and ten have not specified.[34]

India

The Indian survey foot is defined as exactly Template:Val,[35] presumably derived from a measurement of the previous Indian standard of the yard. The current National Topographic Database of the Survey of India is based on the metric WGS-84 datum,[36] which is also used by the Global Positioning System.

Historical use

File:Fußmaße1.jpg
Page from Austrian Script error: No such module "Lang". of 1848Template:Sfnp (Template:Translation)

Metric foot

An ISO 2848 measure of 3 basic modules (30 cm) is called a "metric foot",Script error: No such module "Unsubst". but there were earlier distinct definitions of a metric foot during metrication in France and Germany.

In 1799 the meter became the official unit of length in France. This was not fully enforced, and in 1812 Napoleon introduced the system of Script error: No such module "Lang". which restored the traditional French measurements in the retail trade, but redefined them in terms of metric units. The foot, or Script error: No such module "Lang"., was defined as one third of a meter. This unit continued in use until 1837.[37]

In southwestern Germany in 1806, the Confederation of the Rhine was founded and three different reformed feet were defined, all of which were based on the metric system:[38]

Other obsolete feet

Prior to the introduction of the metric system, many European cities and countries used the foot, but it varied considerably in length: the Script error: No such module "Lang". in Ypres, Belgium, was Template:Cvt while the Script error: No such module "Lang". in Venice was Template:Cvt. Lists of conversion factors between the various units of measure were given in many European reference works including:

Many of these standards were peculiar to a particular city, especially in Germany (which, before German unification in 1871, consisted of many kingdoms, principalities, free cities and so on). In many cases the length of the unit was not uniquely fixed: for example, the English foot was stated as 11 pouces 2.6 lignes (French inches and lines) by Picard, 11 pouces 3.11 lignes by Maskelyne, and 11 pouces 3 lignes by D'Alembert.[46]

Most of the various feet in this list ceased to be used when the countries adopted the metric system. The Netherlands and modern Belgium adopted the metric system in 1817, having used the Script error: No such module "Lang". under Napoleon[47] and the German Empire adopted the metric system in 1871.[48]

The palm (typically 200–280 mm, ie. 7Template:Sfrac to 11Template:Sfrac inches) was used in many Mediterranean cities instead of the foot. Horace Doursther, whose reference was publishedTemplate:Clarify in Belgium which had the smallest foot measurements, grouped both units together, while J. F. G. Palaiseau devoted three chapters to units of length: one for linear measures (palms and feet); one for cloth measures (ells); and one for distances traveled (miles and leagues).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Location Modern country Local name Metric
equivalent
(mm) 		Comments
Vienna Austria Script error: No such module "Lang". 316.102[45]Template:Sfnp
Tyrol Austria Script error: No such module "Lang". 334.12[38]
Ypres (Ieper) Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 273.8[49]
Bruges/Brugge Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 274.3[49]
Brussels Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 275.75[49]
Hainaut Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 293.39[42]
Liège Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 294.70[42]
Kortrijk Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 297.6[49]
Aalst Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 277.2[49]
Mechelen Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 278.0[49]
Leuven Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 285.5[49]
Tournai Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 297.77[42]
Antwerp Belgium Script error: No such module "Lang". 286.8[49]
China China tradesman's foot 338.3[50]
China China mathematician's foot 333.2[50]
China China builder's foot 322.8[50]
China China surveyor's foot 319.5[50]
Moravia Czech Republic Script error: No such module "Lang". 295.95[38]
Prague Czech Republic Script error: No such module "Lang". 296.4[44] (1851) Bohemian foot or shoe
301.7[39] (1759) Quoted as "11 Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Sfrac Script error: No such module "Lang"."[Notes 1]
Denmark Denmark Script error: No such module "Lang". 313.85[45] Until 1835, thereafter the Prussian foot
330.5[39] (1759) Quoted as "Template:Sfrac Script error: No such module "Lang". larger than the Script error: No such module "Lang". [of Paris]"[Notes 1]
France France Script error: No such module "Lang". 324.84[51] [Notes 2]
Angoulême France Script error: No such module "Lang". 347.008[52]
Bordeaux (urban) France Script error: No such module "Lang". 343.606[52]
Bordeaux (rural) France Script error: No such module "Lang". 357.214[52]
Strasbourg France Script error: No such module "Lang". 294.95[52]
Württemberg Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 286.49[38]
Hanover Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 292.10[38]
Augsburg Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 296.17[43]
Nuremberg Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 303.75[43]
Meiningen-Hildburghausen Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 303.95[38]
Oldenburg Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 296.41[38]
Weimar Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 281.98[38]
Lübeck Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 287.62[45]
Aschaffenburg Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 287.5[42]
Darmstadt Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 287.6[42] Until 1818, thereafter the Hessen "metric foot"
Bremen Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 289.35[45]
Rhineland Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 313.7[50]
Berlin Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 309.6[50]
Hamburg Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 286.8[50]
Bavaria Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 291.86[38]
Aachen Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 282.1[43]
Leipzig Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 282.67[38]
Dresden Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 283.11[38]
Saxony Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 283.19[45]
Prussia Germany, Poland, Russia etc. Script error: No such module "Lang". 313.85[45]
Frankfurt am Main Germany Script error: No such module "Lang". 284.61[38]
Venice & Lombardy Italy 347.73[38]
Turin Italy 323.1[50]
Rome Italy Script error: No such module "Lang". 297.896[52]
Riga Latvia Script error: No such module "Lang". 274.1[50]
Malta Malta Script error: No such module "Lang". 283.7[50]
Utrecht Netherlands Script error: No such module "Lang". 272.8[50]
Amsterdam Netherlands Script error: No such module "Lang". 283.133[41] Divided into 11 Script error: No such module "Lang". (inches, Template:Literally)
Template:Ill Netherlands Script error: No such module "Lang". 285.0[41]
's-Hertogenbosch Netherlands Script error: No such module "Lang". 287.0[41]
Gelderland Netherlands Script error: No such module "Lang". 292.0[41]
Bloois (Zeeland) Netherlands Script error: No such module "Lang". 301.0[41]
Schouw Netherlands Script error: No such module "Lang". 311.0[41]
Rotterdam Netherlands Script error: No such module "Lang". 312.43[42]
Rijnland Netherlands Script error: No such module "Lang". 314.858[41]
Norway Norway Script error: No such module "Lang". 313.75[53] (1824–1835)[Notes 3] Thereafter as for Sweden.
Warsaw Poland Script error: No such module "Lang". 297.8[54] Until 1819
288.0[42] (From 1819) Polish Script error: No such module "Lang".
Lisbon Portugal Script error: No such module "Lang". 330.0[43] (From 1835)[Notes 4]
South Africa South Africa Cape foot 314.858[55] Originally equal to the Rijnland foot; redefined as 1.033 English feet in 1859.
Burgos and Castile Spain Script error: No such module "Lang". 278.6[39] (1759) Quoted as "122.43 Script error: No such module "Lang"."[Notes 1]
Toledo Spain Script error: No such module "Lang". 279.0[39] (1759) Quoted as "10 Script error: No such module "Lang". 3.7 Script error: No such module "Lang"."[Notes 1]
Sweden Sweden Script error: No such module "Lang". 296.9[45] = 12 Script error: No such module "Lang". (inches). The Swedish Script error: No such module "Lang". was also used in Finland (Script error: No such module "Lang".).
Zürich Switzerland 300.0[50]
Galicia Ukraine, Poland Script error: No such module "Lang". 296.96[42] Part of Austria–Hungary before World War I
Scotland United Kingdom 305.287[56] [Notes 5]

In Belgium, the words Script error: No such module "Lang". (French) and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Dutch) would have been used interchangeably.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Notes

  1. ↑ a b c d The source document used pre-metric French units (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".).
  2. ↑ The original meter was computed using pre-metric French units.
  3. ↑ The Norwegian Script error: No such module "Lang". was defined in 1824 as the length of a (theoretical) pendulum that would have a period of Template:Sfrac seconds at 45° from the equator.
  4. ↑ Prior to 1835, the Script error: No such module "Lang". or foot was not used in Portugal; instead a palm was used. In 1835 the size of the palm was increased from 217.37 mm (according to Palaiseau) to 220 mm.
  5. ↑ The Scots foot ceased to be legal after the Act of Union in 1707.

Present day uses

International ISO-standard and other intermodal shipping containers

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)-defined intermodal containers for efficient global freight/cargo shipping, were defined using feet rather than meters for their leading outside (corner) dimensions. All ISO-standard containers to this day are Template:Convert wide, and their outer heights and lengths are also primarily defined in, or derived from feet. Quantities of global shipping containers are still primarily counted in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs).

Aviation

Everyday global (civilian) air traffic and aviation continues to be controlled in flight levels (flying altitudes) separated by thousands of feet (although typically read out in hundreds; for example, "flight level 330" means Template:Convert in altitude.

Relation to shoe size

The length of the (international) foot corresponds to a human foot with shoe size of 13 (UK), 14 (US male), 15.5 (US female) or 48 (EU sizing).[57]Template:Better source

Dimension

In measurement, the term "linear foot" (sometimes incorrectly referred to as "lineal foot") refers to the number of feet in a length of material (such as lumber or fabric) without regard to the width; it is used to distinguish from surface area in square foot.[58]

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

Template:Imperial units Template:United States Customary Units Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Alder, Ken (2002). The Measure of all Things—The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World. London: Abacus.
  8. ↑ Weights and Measures Act Template:Webarchive, accessed January 2012, Act current to January 18, 2012. Basis for units of measurement 4.(1) All units of measurement used in Canada shall be determined on the basis of the International System of Units established by the General Conference of Weights and Measures. (...) Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefore are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Kenoyer JM (2010) "Measuring the Harappan world," in Morley I & Renfrew C (edd) The Archaeology of Measurement, 117; Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Hosch, William L. (ed.) (2010) The Britannica Guide to Numbers and Measurement New York, NY: Britannica Educational Publications, 1st edition. Template:ISBN, p.206
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ See, for example, Report on the Comparisons of the Parliamentary Copies of the Imperial Standards with the Imperial Standard Yard and the Imperial Standard Pound and with each other during the Years 1947 to 1948 (H.M.S.O., London, 1950). Report on the Comparisons of the Parliamentary Copies of the Imperial Standards with each other during the Year 1957 (H.M.S.O., London, 1958).
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195 (Admin) (18 February 2002)
  29. ↑ A. V. Astin & H. Arnold Karo (1959). "Refinement of values for the yard and the pound". Template:Webarchive. Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards. Republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59-5442, filed June 30, 1959)
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ "Measuring Unit Change Coming in 2022", National Geodetic Survey, June 14, 2019.
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ "State Plane Coordinate System", National Geodetic Survey, May 4, 2019.
  35. ↑ Schedule to the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976.
  36. ↑ Survey of India, "National Map Policy – 2005" Template:Webarchive.
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
  49. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "Unsubst". – Information copied from Template:Ill
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (12×3=36. US(m): 36−22=14, UK: 36−23=13, EU:30.5×1.5=45.75 then +2 "for comfort" plus rounding = 48)
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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