Luftstreitkräfte

The Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte (, German Air Combat Forces)Template:Sndknown before October 1916 as (The Imperial German Air Service, lit. "The flying troops of the German Kaiser’s Reich")Template:Sndwas the air arm of the Imperial German Army.Template:Sfn In English-language sources it is usually referred to as the Imperial German Air Service, although that is not a literal translation of either name. German naval aviators of the were an integral part of the Imperial German Navy (). Both military branches operated aeroplanes, observation balloons and airships.

Founding

The Imperial German Army created an experimental balloon company inspired by the American balloon corps they had seen while observing the American Civil War, with varying forms of organisation from 1884 to 1901 until a Balloon Battalion was finally formed. The rapid development of aeronautics led to trials of airships and the choice of rigid types built by Zeppelin and Schutte-Lanz. The first military aircraft to be acquired by the German Army entered service in 1910 and the first five aviation battalions were established on 1 October 1913.Template:Sfn The Imperial German Air Service () and other branches concerned with air matters such as anti-aircraft, home defence and air intelligence were unified in the on 8 October 1916.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The duties of such aircraft were initially intended to be reconnaissance and artillery spotting in support of the armies, just as balloons had been used during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) and as far back as the Battle of Fleurus (1794) during the French Revolutionary Wars.Template:Sfn The French (army air service) was created in 1909 and became the in 1912.Template:Sfn The Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers, with two companies, was established in November 1911. The Royal Flying Corps (RFC), with a military wing and a naval wing, was formed in February 1912.Template:Sfn

Organization

The initial units of the , dedicated to observation, were known as (Field Flier Detachments) and had an official establishment of six unarmed, two-seat "A" (monoplane), and/or "B"-class (biplane) aircraft apiece. Each "FFA" unit was assigned to an army unit in their local area and usually numbered with the same number as the army they were assigned to serve.Template:Sfn The organization changed substantially as the war progressed, to accommodate new types of aircraft, doctrine, tactics and the needs of the ground troops, in particular the artillery. During this time the system of organisation and unit designations evolved that would form the basis of those used in the of Nazi Germany, when it was revealed in 1935. During 1916, the German High Command (, OHL) reorganised by creating specialist fighter, bomber and reconnaissance units such as single-seat fighter squadrons (, , hunting squadrons) to counter the Royal Flying Corps and the French .Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Fighter unit organization

File:Max Immelmann Fokker EI.jpg

Leutnant Max Immelmann with his first Fokker Eindecker, E.13/15

The initial deployment of fighter aircraft in the summer of 1915 occurred within the , which were being equipped with one or two of the new Fokker Eindecker fighter aircraft for each unit, starting with the five Fokker M.5K/MG production prototypes of the Eindecker, bearing serial numbers E.1/15 through E.5/15. The buildup of the fighter force rapidly progressed with regular lMG 08 "Spandau"-armed production examples of the Fokker E.I following the deliveries of the M.5K/MG airframes late in the summer of 1915, with early E.Is going to aces like Max Immelmann, who received IdFlieg serial number E.13/15 in August 1915.Template:Sfn

The first step towards specialist fighter-only aviation units within the German military was the establishment of (single-seat battle unit, abbreviated as KEK) formations by Inspektor-Major Friedrich Stempel in February 1916. These were based around Eindeckers and other new fighter designs emerging, like the Pfalz E-series monoplanes, that were being detached from their former FFA units during the winter of 1915–1916 and brought together in pairs and quartets at particularly strategic locations, as KEK units were formed at Vaux, Avillers, Jametz, Cunel and other strategic locations along the Western Front, to act as (aerial guard force) units, consisting only of fighters.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Following the era of the KEK units through the summer of 1916, (hunting squadrons), established by the reorganization that started in the late summer of 1916 were fielded by four kingdoms of the German Empire. IndividuallyTemplate:Sndeach of these units was often known by the abbreviation . The Kingdom of Prussia was predominant, with a fighter force eventually comprising 67 squadrons. The Kingdom of Bavaria formed ten of these units, the Kingdom of Saxony formed seven and the Kingdom of Württemberg four.Template:Sfn

On 24 June 1917, the brought a quartet of squadrons together to form its first fighter wing, Royal Prussian , incorporating Jastas 4, 6, 10 and 11, and set the pattern for using Roman numerals in the in the titles of such larger units. Manfred von Richthofen was moved up from command of Jasta 11 to command JG I. Much as Jasta 2 had been renamed as in December 1916 after Oswald Boelcke, Germany's top fighter tactician had been lost in a mid-air collision in October 1916, following the "Red Baron's" death in action in late April 1918, JG I was renamed to honor von Richthofen by order of the Kaiser.Template:Sfn

The Prussians established three more . On 2 February 1918, JG II formed from 12, 13, 15 and 19, with Adolf Ritter von Tutschek in command. On the same day, JG III consolidated 2 and 26, 27 and 36 under Bruno Loerzer. Finally, on 2 September 1918, the Royal Prussian was formed from the 's I through V and placed in charge of Gotthard Sachsenberg. Bavaria established the Royal Bavarian on 3 October 1918, from Jastas 23, 32, 34 and 35 under Eduard Ritter von Schleich.

Unit designations

File:Captured Third Army German Gotha G.V.jpg

Gotha G.V

(AFA) : Artillery Flier Detachment

(AFS) ; Artillery Flier School

AFP – : Army Flight Park

BZ – : Balloon Platoon

BG – : Bomber Wing

– : the Bomber Wings under direct control by the German Army's High Command in World War I.

Bosta – : Bomber Squadron

etc – : Post

FFA – : Field Flier Detachment, the initial flight formations of the German Army in 1914–15

FLA – : Field Airship Detachment

FestFA – : Fortress Flier Detachment

FA – : Flier Detachment

FA(A) – : Flier Detachment (Artillery)

FlgBtl – : Flier Battalion

FBS – : Aerial Observer School

FEA – : Replacement Detachment

FS – : Flight School

JG – : Hunting Wing, i.e., Fighter Wing

Jasta – : Hunting Squadron, i.e., Fighter Squadron

JastaSch – : Fighter Squadron School (also referred to as )

KEK – : Combat Single-Seater Command, a predecessor to units

Kest – : Combat Single-Seater Squadron, a predecessor to units

KG – : Tactical Bomber Wing

– : the Tactical Bomber Wings under direct control by the German Army's High Command in World War I.

Kasta – : Tactical Bomber Squadron

Luft – : Airship Force

LsBtl – : Airship Battalion

RBZ – : Aerial Photography Platoon

Rfa – : Giant Aircraft Detachment

Schlasta – : Battle Squadron

Schusta – : Protection Squadron

Aircraft

File:C.VII.jpg

Allbatros C.VII# C.1283/16

During the war, the Imperial Army Air Service used many types of aircraft, ranging from fighters (such as those manufactured by , Fokker, and Siemens-Schuckert), reconnaissance aircraft (Aviatik, (DFW) and Rumpler), two-seat fighters from Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke and Hannoversche Waggonfabrik and heavy bombers, largely the twin-engined designs from the () and the enormous, multi-engined heavy bombers produced by and rigid airships from (the Zeppelin Company) and as well as various types of airship from other firms.

Aircraft designation system

File:Fokker D VII 2.jpg

Fokker D.VII used by the

During the First World War, German aircraft officially adopted for military service were allocated a designation that included (1) the name of the manufacturer, (2) a function or "class" letter, and (3) a Roman numeral. The three-part designation was needed for a unique designation to simplify logistics support of the many types of aircraft in operation – especially as squadrons more often than not were equipped with several different types.

The designation system evolved during the war. Initially, all military aircraft were classed as "A" (monoplanes) or "B" (biplanes). The new "C" class of armed (two seat) biplane began to replace the "B" class aircraft as reconnaissance machines in 1915, the Bs continuing to be built, but as trainers. The "E" class of armed monoplane was also introduced in 1915 – the other classes were added later as new aircraft types were introduced. For most of the war 'D' was only used for biplane fighters, 'E' for monoplane fighters and 'Dr' for triplane fighters, however by the end of the war the 'D' designation was used for all single-seat fighters, including monoplanes (and, in theory at least, triplanes).

A – Unarmed reconnaissance monoplane aircraft (for example the Rumpler Taube and Fokker M.5)

B – Unarmed two-seat biplane, with the observer seated in front of the pilot.

C – Armed two-seat biplane, with the observer (usually) seated to the rear of the pilot.

CL – Light two-seater (primarily from Halberstadt and Hannover), initially intended as escort fighters – by 1917–18, mainly used for ground attack.

D – – single-seat, armed biplane but later any fighter – for instance the Fokker E.V monoplane was renamed the D.VIII.

Dr – – triplane fighter (twin service test Fokker triplanes initially "F")

E – – armed monoplane – initially included monoplane two-seaters. New monoplane types at the end of the war designated as "D" (single seat) or "CL" (two seat).

G – – Large twin-engined types, mainly bombers (initially "K")Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

GL – Lighter, faster twin-engined bombers, intended for use by day.

J – – Fuel tanks, pilot, and (usually) the engine protected by armour plate, reducing vulnerability to ground fire. Used for low-level work, especially ground attack.

N – "C" type aircraft adapted for night bombing – apart from night flying equipment they were fitted with wings of greater span to increase bomb load.

R – – "Giant" aircraft – at least three, up to four to six engines – all serviceable in flight.

File:Rumpler C.VII side view c1918.jpg

Rumpler C.VII G.117

File:A German plane brought down in our lines this is a common sight at the front., Bestanddeelnr 158-1999.jpg

Destroyed German Aircraft on the Western Front-possibly a Rumpler C.IV' the Balkenkreuz shows this is a 1918 aircraft

Most manufacturers also had their own numbering systems quite separate from the official military designations for their products. These sometimes cause confusion – for instance the military "J" series of armored aircraft designs was quite distinct from the Junkers aviation firm's own "J" factory type designations – the factory designation of the (military) Junkers J.I armored, all-metal sesquiplane, for example, was the Junkers J.4.Template:Sfn The "M" (for "Militär" or military) and "V" (for "Versuchs" or experimental, according to some source initially meant a or "unbraced" airframe) designations of the Fokker firm were also internal. The latter has no direct connection with the official Third Reich-era German "V" designation, also signifying , for prototype aircraft, promulgated by the RLM from 1935.

The maritime aviation service used manufacturers' designations rather than the systematic system described above. For example, the landplane Gotha bombers were numbered in an "LD" (for "land biplane") series by their manufacturer, but in the "G" series in the – while the Gotha seaplanes used by the navy were (and continue to be) known by their manufacturer's "WD" (for , or "seaplane biplane") designation. Similarly, the sizable number of German seaplane designs from Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen, were all known in naval service by their "FF" factory designations.

Army and navy airships were individually numbered, in the same way as contemporary German destroyers and submarines, and were outside any system of "type" designation.

Pilots

File:Manfred von Richthofen.jpg

Manfred von Richthofen, known as The Red Baron

Fighter pilots received the most attention in the annals of military aviation, since it produced high-scoring "aces" such as Manfred von Richthofen, known in German as (the Red Air Fighter) and in English as The Red Baron. With 80 confirmed kills he is considered the most successful fighter pilot of the war. The first "confirmed" German aerial fighter victory of the war credited to a synchronized-gun-equipped aircraft went to Leutnant Kurt Wintgens on 15 July 1915,Template:Sfn after downing two similar Morane-Saulnier L parasol monoplanes to the victim on 15 July, one each on 1 and 4 July that remained unconfirmed – this fortnight of unprecedented German aerial victories initiated the period of the Fokker Scourge. Other notable German pilots from the Fokker Scourge onwards included Ernst Udet, Erich Löwenhardt, Werner Voss, Josef Jacobs, Lothar von Richthofen, Wilhelm Frankl, Hermann Göring, Max Immelmann and the master aerial tactician Oswald Boelcke (the latter pair were the first to be awarded the Pour le Mérite, the highest decoration for gallantry for officers in the German Empire: simultaneously, on 12 January 1916, after shooting down eight Allied aeroplanes each).Template:Sfn The award to Immelmann may have caused the decoration to acquire its popular nickname, the "Blue Max". With more and more pilots reaching this mark the required air victories were steadily increased to about 30 in 1918. In total 76 airmen were awarded the Pour le Mérite. 69 airmen received the "Goldenes Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz" (Military Merit Cross), the highest Prussian bravery award for non-commissioned officers and enlisted men. Among them were Gottfried Ehmann, the highest scoring air gunner of the war (12 victories).Template:Sfn About 391 German pilots are credited with shooting down at least five Allied aircraft.Template:Sfn

Insignia

File:Greek cross.svg

The basic Balkenkreuz national insignia, adopted by German aviation units in early April 1918

German and Austro-Hungarian military aircraft at first used the cross pattée insignia, most often known in German as the , for the Prussian military medal. The , a black Greek cross on white, replaced the earlier marking from late March 1918 (especially in early April — Richthofen's last Dr.I, 425/17, was changed over just before he was killed), although the last order on the subject, standardising the new national marking, was dated 25 June 1918.

Final year

Between January and September 1918 German pilots shot down 3,732 Allied planes while losing 1,099 aircraft. By the end of the war, the German Army Air Service possessed a total of 2,709 frontline aircraft, 56 airships, 186 balloon detachments and about 4,500 flying personnel. After the war ended in German defeat (→ Armistice of 11 November 1918), the service was dissolved completely on 8 May 1920 under the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles (Article 198), which demanded that its aeroplanes be completely handed over to the Allies (Art. 202).

Statistics

File:Captured World War I German planes paraded in London, 1918.jpg

Captured aircraft being paraded in London, 1918

German casualties totalled 4,579 aircrew and 299 ground personnel killed, 1,372 missing/prisoner and 5,123 wounded, along with 1,962 men killed in flying accidents in Germany. Material losses by enemy action were 3,126 aircraft, 546 balloons and 26 airships. Although adding up all of the confirmed kills by allied aces, gives a total of a little under 5,000 German aircraft destroyed, as well a 600 observation balloons to just 3,000 allied planes and 370 observation balloons. According to other sources, the Luftstreitkräfte shot down 7,783 allied aircraft (7,425 Western Front, 358 Eastern Front) and 614 captive balloons.Template:Sfn In addition, 1,588 allied aircraft and 2 airships were shot down by German anti-aircraft guns.Template:Sfn

See also

• German Air Force
• Luftstreitkräfte der NVA
• Luftwaffe

External links

• http://www.spartacus-educational.com/FWWgaas.htm
• Der Vormarsch der Flieger Abteilung 27 in der Ukraine (The advance of Flight Squadron 27 in the Ukraine). This portfolio, comprising 263 photographs mounted on 48 pages, is a photo-documentary of the German occupation and military advances through the southern Ukraine in the spring and summer of 1918.
• Die deütschen Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege edited by Georg Paul Neumann 1920 [German][Books google].