Fire lance

File:梨花鎗.jpg

A fire lance as depicted in the Huolongjing, late 14th century (c. Template:Trim).

The fire lance (Template:Zh) was a gunpowder weapon used by lighting it on fire, and is the ancestor of modern firearms.Template:Sfn It first appeared in 10th–12th century China and was used to great effect during the Jin-Song Wars. It began as a small pyrotechnic device attached to a polearm weapon, used to gain a shock advantage at the start of a melee.Template:Sfn As gunpowder improved, the explosive discharge was increased, and debris or pellets added, giving it some of the effects of a combination modern flamethrower and shotgun, but with a very short range (about ), and only one shot (although some were designed for two shots). By the late 13th century, fire lance barrels had transitioned to metal material to better withstand the explosive blast, and the lance-point was discarded in favor of relying solely on the gunpowder blast. These became the first hand cannons.Template:Sfn

Design

The first fire lances consisted of a tube, usually bamboo, containing gunpowder and a slow match, strapped to a spear or other polearm weapon. Once ignited, the gunpowder tube would ideally eject a stream of flames in the direction of the spearhead. Projectiles such as iron pellets or pottery shards were later added to the gunpowder. Upon firing, the gunpowder charge ejected the projectiles along with the flame.Template:Sfn

Metal fire lance barrels appeared around the mid-13th century and these began to be used independently of the lance itself. The independent metal barrel was known as an 'eruptor' and became the forerunner of the hand cannon.Template:Sfn

In Europe, versions with wooden tubes were used.

History

File:FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg

Earliest known representation of a fire lance (upper right), Dunhuang, 950 AD.

File:Two barreled automatic fire lance from the Huolongjing.jpg

A double-barreled fire lance from the Huolongjing. Supposedly, the barrels fired in succession, with the second barrel lit automatically after the first barrel's firing.

China

The earliest evidence of fire lances appeared in China in the year 950. However usage of fire lances in warfare was not mentioned until 1132 when Song garrisons used them during the Siege of De'an, in modern-day Anlu, Hubei, in a sortie against the Jin dynasty (1115–1234).Template:SfnTemplate:SfTemplate:Sfn

In 1163, fire lances were attached to war carts known as "at-your-desire-carts" used to defend mobile firebomb trebuchets.Template:Sfn

In the late 1100s, pieces of shrapnel such as porcelain shards and small iron pellets were added to the gunpowder tube. At some point fire lances discarded the spearhead altogether and relied solely on their firepower.Template:Sfn

By 1232, the Jin were also using fire lances, but with improved reusable barrels consisting of durable paper material. According to the History of Jin, these fire lances had a range of roughly three meters:

In 1233, Jin soldiers used fire lances successfully against the Mongols. Pucha Guannu led 450 Jin fire lancers and routed an entire Mongol encampment. The Mongol soldiers were apparently disdainful of other Jin weapons, but greatly feared the fire lance.Template:Sfn

In 1259, a pellet wad that occluded the barrel was recorded to have been used as a fire lance projectile, making it the first recorded bullet in history.Template:Sfn

By 1276, fire lances had transitioned to metal barrels.Template:Sfn Fire lances were also being used by cavalrymen at this point, as evidenced by the account of a Song-Yuan battle in which two fire lance armed Song cavalrymen rushed a Chinese officer of Bayan of the Baarin.Template:Sfn The Huolongjing also mentions a gourd fire lance which was used by cavalrymen as well as foot soldiers.Template:Sfn

The metal-barreled fire lance began to be used independently of the lance around the mid to late 13th century. These proto-cannons which fired co-viative projectiles, known as 'eruptors,' were the forerunners of the hand cannon.Template:Sfn

Later history

By 1280, the Middle East had acquired fire lances.Template:Sfn

In 1396, European knights took up fire lances as mounted weapons.Template:Sfn

In 15th century Japanese samurai used fire lances.

The last recorded usage of fire lances in Europe occurred during the Storming of Bristol in 1643 although the Commonwealth of England was still issuing them to ships in 1660.Template:Sfn

Troncks

Versions where the fireworks and shot were placed in a wooden tube at the end of a pole were known as Troncks, fire-trunks or bombas in Europe. The fireworks had alternating slow and fast burning sections.

They were frequently issued to warships and a surviving example was found in the wreck of the La Trinidad Valencera. Testing of an attempted reconstruction was carried out in 1988. During the test multiple sections of the Tronck ignited at once.

Gallery

• A fire lance from the Wubei Zhi by Mao Yuanyi, 1621.
  A fire lance from the Wubei Zhi by Mao Yuanyi, 1621.
• The phalanx-charging fire-gourd, one of many fire lance types discharging lead pellets in the gunpowder blast, an illustration from the Huolongjing.
  The phalanx-charging fire-gourd, one of many fire lance types discharging lead pellets in the gunpowder blast, an illustration from the Huolongjing.
• A 'divine moving phalanx-breaking fierce-fire sword-shield' as depicted in the Huolongjing, c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".. A mobile shield fitted with fire lances used to break enemy formations.
  A 'divine moving phalanx-breaking fierce-fire sword-shield' as depicted in the Huolongjing, c. Template:Trim. A mobile shield fitted with fire lances used to break enemy formations.
• A knight wielding a fire lance c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  A knight wielding a fire lance c. Template:Trim
• Illustrations of fire lances from De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..
  Illustrations of fire lances from De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio c. Template:Trim.

See also

• Early modern warfare
• Science and technology of the Song dynasty
• Jiao Yu
• Huolongjing
• Xun Lei Chong
• Lunge mine

References

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• Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the Geological Society of America on March 25, 2004.
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• Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (2): 153–173 (153–157)
• Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228)
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External links

• Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance
• Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. Template:ISBN
• Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity