Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany

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Template:Short description Template:Expand German

Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (Template:Langx;[1] 10 June 1835 – 17 January 1908) was the last Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1859 to 1860.

Biography

Born at Florence, he was the son of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies.

His first wife died in February 1859. Sometime later, he and his family were forced to flee Florence on 27 April 1859, with the outbreak of a revolution inspired by the outbreak of the Second Italian War of Independence as part of the unification of Italy. The family took refuge in Austria. After the end of the war, Leopold II abdicated on 21 July and Ferdinand succeeded him as Grand Duke. Ferdinand proved unable to return to Florence to claim his throne, and an elected Tuscan National Assembly formally deposed him only a month later, on 16 August, with Tuscany being merged into the United Provinces of Central Italy. Ferdinand still hoped to recover his throne, as both France and Austria had promised to recognize his rights to it in the Armistice of Villafranca. However, neither power was willing to take any steps to bring about his restoration; Sardinia would annex Tuscany on 22 March 1860, and with Austria recognizing the new Kingdom of Italy after the Third War of Independence in 1866, Ferdinand's hopes to reclaim the throne were ended.

Subsequently Ferdinand and his family returned to Austria. While Ferdinand was allowed to keep the grand ducal title as a courtesy and retain his status as grand master of all Tuscan orders of chivalry for his lifetime, his descendants could only bear the title of "Archduke/Archduchess of Austria"; the right to bear the title "Prince/ss of Tuscany" became restricted solely to family members born before 1866. The House of Habsburg-Tuscany continued to be recognised as a sovereign cadet branch of the House of Austria in the Almanach de Gotha and other similar genealogical publications and given precedence as such at the Austrian court. In 1870 Ferdinand relinquished all dynastic rights to the defunct Grand Duchy for himself and his future heirs in favour of his second cousin, Emperor Franz Joseph I, effectively ending the House of Habsburg-Tuscany's status as a sovereign cadet branch.[2][3]

Ferdinand died in Salzburg in 1908, after spending the rest of his life in exile. Upon his death, his descendants were barred from using their Tuscan titles by Imperial decree.[4][5] The statement that the orders were no longer conferred is correct; however, the first series of the Almanach de Gotha sometimes erroneously attributed the title of Grand Master of the Order of Saint Stephen of Tuscany and Order of Saint Joseph of Tuscany to some descendants, and put them in brackets to indicate that they were not entitled to it. Other publications published at the same time as the Almanach de Gotha, in particular the series of Gothaischen Genealogischen Hofkalenders and Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuc which later became the Genealogisches Handbuch der Fürstlichen Häuser, never made this mistake and correctly omitted these unfounded claims altogether.[6][7][8]

Family and children

He married twice and had issue:

From his first marriage in Dresden on 24 November 1856 to Princess Anna of Saxony, (Dresden, 4 January 1836 – Naples, 10 February 1859), daughter of King John I of Saxony, was born:

From his second marriage in Frohsdorf on 11 January 1868 to Princess Alice "Alix" of Bourbon-Parma (Parma, 27 December 1849 – Schwertberg, 16 January 1935), daughter of Duke Charles III of Parma:

Honours

Ferdinand received the following awards:[9]

Ancestry

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See also

Notes

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  1. ↑ Full name: Template:Langx, Template:Langx
  2. ↑ Bernd Braun: Das Ende der Regionalmonarchien in Italien. Abdankungen im Zuge des Risorgimento. In: Susan Richter, Dirk Dirbach (Hrsg.): Thronverzicht. Die Abdankung in Monarchien vom Mittelalter bis in die Neuzeit. Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Weimar, Wien 2010, pp. 251-266
  3. ↑ Andrea Borella (a cura di): Annuario della Nobiltà italiana, XXXIII edizione, 2015-2020, parte I, Teglio, marzo 2021, ISBN 978-88-942861-0-6
  4. ↑ Prerogative dinastiche della casa granducale di lorena dopo la perdita del granducato di toscana (in Italian). Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  5. ↑ Rivista Araldica, anno 1913, volume 11, pagina 381, Roma, Collegio Araldico: " Da informazione ufficiale assunta a Vienna togliamo quanto segue «A Sua Altezza I. R. il defunto Granduca Ferdinando IV di Toscana era stato permesso dall'Impero austro-ungarico e dagli Stati dell'Impero germanico, di conferire i tre Ordini toscani, inerenti alla Sovranità, che anche spodestato, rimase all'Augusto principe fino alla sua morte. Il titolo di Principe di Toscana fu solo autorizzato ai membri della famiglia granducale nati prima del 1866. Dopo la morte del Granduca (1908) tutti gli augusti figli del defunto dovettero solennemente rinunciare ad ogni qualsiasi diritto di cui personalmente ed eccezionalmente godeva il padre. Quindi il Gran Magistero dell'Ordine di S. Stefano per volontà di S. M. l'Imperatore e Re è terminato col defunto granduca, né più sarebbe accettato dagli augusti principi lorenesi" (in Italian)
  6. ↑ Andrea Borella (a cura di): Annuario della Nobiltà italiana, XXXIII edizione, 2015-2020, parte I, Teglio, marzo 2021, page CCCXXVIII - CCCLXXIII, ISBN 978-88-942861-0-6
  7. ↑ Georg Frölichsthal: Fürstenrechtliche Überlegungen zur Eigenständigkeit des Hauses Toscana, Heraldisch-Genealogische Gesellschaft ADLER, ZSA 32 (XLVI), 2024, page 227-238
  8. ↑ Gothaisches Genealogisches Handbuch der fürstlichen Häuser, Band 3. (2021) Deutsche Adelsarchiv, Marburg
  9. ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (1908), Genealogy p. 5
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  12. ↑ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Template:Webarchive
  13. ↑ a b Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" p. 63, 77
  14. ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern (1906), "Königliche Orden" p. 7
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1869), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 12
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1896), "Königliche Orden" p. 28

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External links

Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Cadet branch of the House of Lorraine
Born: 10 June 1835 Died: 17 January 1908
Regnal titles
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check Grand Duke of Tuscany
1859–1860 Template:S-ttl/check 		Tuscan National Assembly deposes House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Titles in pretence
Loss of title
State annexed
 — TITULAR —
Grand Duke of Tuscany
1860–1908 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by

Template:Grand Dukes of Tuscany Template:Austrian archdukes Template:Tuscan princes Template:Authority control

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