Tabuaeran
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Tabuaeran, also known as Fanning Island,[1] is an atoll that is part of the Line Islands of the central Pacific Ocean and part of the island nation of Kiribati. The land area is Script error: No such module "convert"., and the population in 2015 was 2,315.[2] The maximum elevation is about 3 m (10 ft) above high tide.
The lagoon has an area of Script error: No such module "convert".. The deepest water in the lagoon is about Script error: No such module "convert"., but most of it is very shallow.[2]
History
Tabuaeran was first inhabited by Polynesian people. Archaeological evidence points to a single large village being maintained for several hundred years on the west side of the atoll with other scattered production and agricultural sites across the atoll.[3] Radiometric dates range from 1100 AD to 1425 AD (Cal. 810 ±50 BP and 620 ± 60 BP at 2 sigma). Continuous habitation is likely as stratigraphic cultural layers are uninterrupted and quite deep.[4] Some archaeologists have argued that Tabuaeran and Kiritimati were one community living across a matched set of islands as despite their relative proximity, their climates and resources differ wildly covering what would otherwise be resource shortages. While this hypothesis is still being tested, the period of human habitation on these two islands does match up.[4] Geochemical analysis of stone tools provides a clear window into trade networks that existed throughout Polynesia and in the case of Tabuaeran, a positive match was made with a quarry located in Eiao, Marquesas.[5]
The first white man to sight Tabuaeran was American captain Edmund Fanning of the American ship Betsy on June 11, 1798; it was named for him.[6] At the time, the atoll was uninhabited and, like all of the Line Islands, had no truly native population. After Fanning, it was visited by whalers of several nationalities. The whaler Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". had wrecked there in late 1831 or early 1832.
By 1854, Captain Henry English[7] and 150 labourers from Manihiki settled, and began producing coconut oil for export. He put the island under British protection when Captain W. H. Morshead arrived on Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". on 16 October 1855.[8]
In about 1857 a whaling ship put ashore William Greig who carried out planting of coconut trees to expand the production of copra, and who also began planting coconut trees on Washington Island.[9] Eventually the sons of Greig owned the plantation with Father Emmanuel Rougier until he sold his interest to the Fanning Island Limited, and started a coconut plantation on Christmas Island.[9]
On 8 February 1860, a claim was filed by the United States Guano Company under the Guano Islands Act but the United States never took possession of the islands. Captain William Wiseman of Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". formally annexed Fanning to the United Kingdom on 15 March 1888.
A deep opening, thereafter called the English Channel, was blasted on the west side of the atoll. Tabuaeran hosted a station on the Canada-to-Australia section of the All Red Line telegraph cable system, beginning in 1902. Fanning Island Post Office opened on 29 November 1902.[10] During World War I, the cable station was visited in September 1914 by the Imperial German Navy light cruiser Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and was severely damaged during the Fanning Raid, when a landing force went ashore to put the station out of action.[11][12] In 1939 the atoll was incorporated into the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. In 1979, it gained independence, becoming part of the Republic of Kiribati.
An airfield was constructed on Napari (Napali) islet when the University of Hawaiʻi operated a tide monitoring station on the atoll. The station and the airfield closed in 1981. The airfield reopened in 2016, with regular domestic flights to Kiritimati.[2]
Present
The administrative centre of the atoll is Paelau, on the west side.
Tabuaeran had a population of 1,960 at the 2010 census,[2] principally Gilbertese settlers brought from the main Kiribati archipelago by Fanning Island Plantations, Ltd., to work in the copra industry.
The population declined from 2,539 at the 2005 census following the closure of the secondary school (since reopened), cessation of visits by Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL), and reduced operations by Atoll Seaweed Company.[2]
Eight villages are listed in the 2015 census:
| No. | Village | Population (2005 Census) |
Population (2010 Census) |
Population (2015 Census) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Napari (Napali) | 194 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | Tereitaki | 438 | 346 | 505 |
| 3 | Betania | 260 | 175 | 203 |
| 4 | Paelau (Napia, English Harbour) | 250 | 200 | 257 |
| 5 | Aontenaa (Aontena) | 177 | 190 | 259 |
| 6 | Terine (Tenenebo) | 461 | 453 | 406 |
| 7 | Tereitannano (Tereitaki) | 249 | 168 | 241 |
| 8 | Aramari | 358 | 244 | 274 |
| 9 | Mwanuku (Manuku or Eten) | 152 | 184 | 170 |
| Tabuaeran | 2,539 | 1,960 | 2,315 |
The main diet is imported rice and tinned meats, supplemented by local foods: reef fish and shellfish, babai (Cyrtosperma merkusii), coconut, pigs, chickens, and seaweed (limu).[2]
Major exports are copra and hand crafts (including cowrie shell, shark tooth knives, and Kiribati stamps). An Australian supply ship calls two or three times a year. The sailing vessel Kwai also stops on the island.[13]
The main health centre is located at Paelau in the west, with additional clinics on Napari (Napali) islet in the north and Kimarimari in the south.[2] Helpful organizations with concerns for the local schools, churches and healthcare needs are Pacific CARE Missions and Pacific Island Aid.
Ecology
Overfishing and pollution have impacted on the ocean surrounding the island. In the ocean surrounding uninhabited islands of the Northern Line Islands, sharks comprised 74% of the top predator biomass (329 g m-2) at Kingman Reef and 57% at Palmyra Atoll (97 g m-2), whereas low shark numbers have been observed at Tabuaeran and Kiritimati.[14]
Cruising
Since 2010, the Holland America cruise ships Rotterdam, Westerdam, Eurodam, and Volendam have scheduled visits to Tabuaeran. Seaborne Cruiseline has scheduled visits since 2012. The visits help the island regain income lost since the Norwegian Cruise Line ceased weekly visits in 2007.
Until 2007, Norwegian Cruise Line ships based in Honolulu visited Tabuaeran weekly, partly to avoid U.S. port charges for foreign-flagged ships (see Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886). The Norwegian Cruise Line ceased visits after introducing US-flagged ships, changing cruise schedules, and eliminating Tabuaeran as a port of call.[15]
Education
The island has three primary schools, one junior secondary school, and one senior secondary school, Meleangi Tabai High School.[2] The government has previously sought to re-open the high school campus on Kiritimati.[16]
Culture
Tabuaeran features in John Updike's short story "The Blessed Man of Boston, My Grandmother's Thimble, and Fanning Island." It is collected in his books Pigeon Feathers and Other Stories and The Early Stories.
See also
References
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- ↑ Both Gilbertese and English names are recognised by the Constitution of Kiribati
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Bryan, E.H. American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain. Honolulu, Hawaii: Tongg Publishing Company, 1941 pages 141-144.
- ↑ Harvest, of Nantucket, April 22, 1854, Nantucket Historical Association #345.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Barty-King, Girdle Around the World
- ↑ R Bruce Scott: Gentlemen on Imperial Service
- ↑ SAILING SHIP KWAI
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ NCL Announces Jade, Jewel And Gem For Largest Ever European Deployment
- ↑ "VSA Assignment Description Assignment title English Language Trainer (of Trainers/ Teachers) Country Kiribati Template:Webarchive." Volunteer Service Abroad (Te Tūao Tāwāhi). Retrieved on 6 July 2018. page 7.
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External links
Edmund Fanning in Explorers of the Pacific by Buck (eText)
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