Fengyun

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox space program Fēngyún (FY, Template:Zh) are China's meteorological satellites. Launched since 1988 into polar Sun-synchronous and geosynchronous orbit, each three-axis stabilized Fengyun satellite is built by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST) and operated by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA).[1][2] To date, China has launched twenty-one Fengyun satellites in four classes (FY-1 through FY-4). Fengyun 1 and Fengyun 3 satellites are in polar, Sun-synchronous orbit and Low Earth orbit while Fengyun 2 and 4 are geosynchronous orbit.[2]

On 11 January 2007, China destroyed one of these satellites (FY-1C, COSPAR 1999-025A) in a test of an anti-satellite missile.[3][4] According to NASA, the intentional destruction of FY-1C created more than 3,000 high-velocity debris items, a larger amount of dangerous space debris than any other space mission in history.[5]

Classes

Fengyun 1

The four satellites of the Fengyun 1 (or FY-1) class were China's first meteorological satellites placed in polar, Sun-synchronous orbit.[6] In this orbit, FY-1 satellites orbited the Earth at both a low altitude (approximate 900 km above the Earth's surface), and at a high inclination between 98.8° and 99.2° traversing the North Pole every 14 minutes, giving FY-1-class satellites global meteorological coverage with a rapid revisit time and closer proximity to the clouds they image.[7][8] FY-1A, launched in September 1988, lasted 39 days until it suffered attitude control problems.[6] FY-1B, launched in September 1990 along with the first two QQW (Qi Qui Weixing) balloon satellites,[9] lasted until late 1992 when its attitude control system also failed.[6] FY-1C, launched in May 1999 along with Shijian-5, also completed its two-year design life operating until January 2004.[6] The last satellite of the class, FY-1D, was launched in May 2002 and operated continuously for nine years until in May 2011 operations were temporarily lost. Despite resuscitation, FY-1D failed on 1 April 2012.[6][10]

All Fengyun 1 satellites were launched from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center (TSLC) in Shanxi Province on Long March 4A and 4B rockets and weighed 750 kg, 880 kg, 954 kg, and 954 kg respectively. Aboard each satellite were two multichannel visible and infrared scanning radiometers (MVISR) built by the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics (SITP) bearing an optical scanner, image processor, radiant cooler, and controller for the radiant cooler.[11][12][6] FY-1C and FY-1D satellites also carried on board a high-energy particle detector (HEPD) for study of the space environment, contributing to their increased mass.[6] FY-1 satellites are powered by two deployable solar arrays and internal batteries.[6]

Destruction of FY-1C

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". On 11 January 2007, China conducted its first anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test, destroying FY-1C with a kinetic kill vehicle, identified by the United States Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) as the SC-19,[13] a modified DF-21 ballistic missile with mounted kill vehicle.[14] The shootdown, and the subsequent creation of a record-setting amount of in-orbit debris, drew serious international criticism.[15][16][17][18][19]

Fengyun 2

Satellites of the Fengyun 2 class are based on the spin-stabilized Dong Fang Hong 2 platform and are China's first class of meteorological satellites in geostationary orbit.[20] Unlike meteorological satellites in polar orbit (like the FY-1 and FY-3 classes), FY-2 satellites in geostationary orbit remain in a fixed position relative to the Earth 35,000 km above its surface and maintain a constant watch over an assigned area.[21][22] Unlike polar orbiting satellites which view the same area about twice a day, geostationary satellites can image a location as fast as once a minute and show long term meteorological trends - at the cost of resolution.[21][22]

Built by the Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering and operated by the Chinese Meteorological Administration, FY-2 satellites are 4.5 m tall and are spin-stabilized rotating at 100 rotations per minute. FY-2-class satellites have been marketed for their openly available data whereby any user with a receiver could view FY-2 derived sensory data.[20] Satellites of the Fengyun 2 class have a mass of 1,380 kilograms, use solar cells and batteries for power, and a FG-36 apogee motor jettisoned after attaining orbit.[20]

On 2 April 1994, China attempted to launch the Fengyun 2 from Xichang Satellite Launch Center (XSLC) when, prior to its mating with the Long March 3, a fire caused an explosion destroying the satellite, killing a technician, and injuring 20 others. Officials of the Chinese space agency described the $75 million USD loss of the satellite as a "major setback" to the Chinese space program.[20][23] Despite this, China launched eight successive Fengyun 2 satellites without incident.[20]

File:Fengyun 3 satellite mockup.jpg
Model FY-3 in Shanghai museum

Fengyun 3

Chinese participation in the monitoring of auroras for scientific and space weather investigation was initiated with the launch of the Fengyun-3D satellite, which carries a wide-field auroral imager.[11][12]

Fengyun 4

File:Fengyun 4 mockup at NMC.jpg
A mockup of a FY-4 satellite

As of 2021, China has launched two Fengyun 4 class satellites.

List of satellites

Satellite Launch Orbit Orbital apsis Inclination Period (min) SCN COSPAR Launch site Vehicle Status
Fenyun 1A 6 September 1988 Sun-synchronous 880.0 km × 899.9 km 99.2° 102.6 19467 Template:Cospar TSLC Long March 4A Decayed
Fengyun 1B 3 September 1990 Sun-synchronous 880.2 km × 902.5 km 98.8° 102.6 20788 Template:Cospar TSLC Long March 4A Decayed
Fengyun 2-01 4 April 1994 Exploded before launch XSLC Long March 3 Destroyed before launch
Fengyun 2A 10 June 1997 Geostationary 36,588.1 km × 37,451.4 km 15.0° 1499.1 24834 Template:Cospar XSLC Long March 3 Decayed
Fengyun 1C 10 May 1999 Sun-synchronous 832.3 km × 851.7 km 99.0° 101.4 25730 Template:Cospar TSLC Long March 4B Destroyed in 2007[24]
Fengyun 2B 25 June 2000 Geostationary 35,830.7 km × 35,848.3 km 11.9° 1438.7 26382 Template:Cospar XSLC Long March 3 Decayed
Fengyun 1D 15 May 2002 Sun-synchronous 855.7 km × 878.8 km 99.1° 102.1 27431 Template:Cospar TSLC Long March 4B Decayed
Fengyun 2C 19 October 2004 Geostationary 36,393.0 km × 36,443.3 km 10.2° 1468.1 28451 Template:Cospar XSLC Long March 3A Decayed
Fengyun 2D 8 December 2006 Geostationary 36,330.7 km × 36,442.4 km 8.3° 1466.5 29640 Template:Cospar XSLC Long March 3A Decayed
Fengyun 3A 27 May 2008 Sun-synchronous 830.0 km × 843.5 km 98.5° 101.4 32958 Template:Cospar TSLC Long March 4C Decayed
Fengyun 2E 23 December 2008 Geostationary 35,785.9 km × 35,805.9 km 6.1° 1436.1 33463 Template:Cospar XSLC Long March 3A Decayed
Fengyun 3B 4 November 2010 Sun-synchronous 835.3 km × 868.6 km 99.1° 101.8 37214 Template:Cospar TSLC Long March 4C Decayed
Fengyun 2F 13 January 2012 Geostationary 35,794.2 km × 35,799.5 km 4.0° 1436.2 38049 Template:Cospar XSLC Long March 3A Template:Good
Fengyun 3C 23 September 2013 Sun-synchronous 837.7 km × 854.8 km 98.5° 101.6 39260 Template:Cospar TSLC Long March 4C Template:Good
Fengyun 2G 31 December 2014 Geostationary 35,782.4 km × 35,798.7 km 2.1° 1435.9 40367 Template:Cospar XSLC Long March 3A Template:Good
Fengyun 4A 10 December 2016 Geostationary 35,784.0 km × 35,802.9 km 0.2° 1436.2 41882 Template:Cospar XSLC Long March 3B Template:Good
Fengyun 3D 14 November 2017 Sun-synchronous 833.4 km × 836.9 km 98.8° 101.4 43010 Template:Cospar TSLC Long March 4C Template:Good
Fengyun 2H 5 June 2018 Geostationary 35,776.6 km × 35,814.1 km 1.3° 1436.0 43491 Template:Cospar XSLC Long March 3A Template:Good
Fengyun 4B 2 June 2021 Geostationary 35,786.6 km × 35,802.2 km 0.2° 1436.1 48808 Template:Cospar XSLC Long March 3B Template:Good
Fengyun 3E 4 July 2021 Sun-synchronous 831.3 km × 835.4 km 98.7° 101.4 49008 Template:Cospar JSLC Long March 4C Template:Good
Fengyun 3G 16 April 2023 Low Earth 410.0 km × 416.0km 50.0° 92.7 56232 Template:Cospar JSLC Long March 4B Template:Good
Fengyun 3F 3 August 2023 Sun-synchronous 832.9 km × 834.1km 98.8° 101.4 57490 Template:Cospar JSLC Long March 4C Template:Good
Sources: USSPACECOM, NASA, WMO, CelesTrak

See also

References

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  5. ↑ NASA identifies Top Ten space junk missions Template:Webarchive; Michael Cooney, NetworkWorld, 28 July 2010
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Lui, A., 2019. Imaging global auroras in space. Light: Science & Applications, 8(1).
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ BBC News (2007). Concern over China's missile test. Retrieved January 20, 2007. Template:Webarchive
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links

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