Eyepatch

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An eyepatch is a small patch that is worn in front of one eye. It may be a cloth patch attached around the head by an elastic band or by a string, an adhesive bandage, or a plastic device which is clipped to a pair of glasses. It is often worn by people to cover a lost, infected, or injured eye, but it also has a therapeutic use in children for the treatment of amblyopia. Eyepatches used to block light while sleeping are referred to as a sleep mask.

An eyepad or eye pad is a soft medical dressing that can be applied over an eye to protect it. It is not necessarily the same as an eyepatch.[1]

History

In the years before advanced medicine and surgery, eyepatches were common for people who had a lost or injured eye. They were particularly prevalent among members of dangerous occupations, such as soldiers and sailors who could lose an eye in battle. While stereotypically associated with pirates, there is no evidence to suggest the historical accuracy of eye patch wearing pirates before several popular novels of the 19th century (see Association with pirates below).

Medical uses

Amblyopia

Eye patching is used in the orthoptic management of children at risk of lazy eye (amblyopia), especially strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia.[2][3] These conditions can cause visual suppression of areas of the dissimilar images by the brain such as to avoid diplopia, resulting in a loss of visual acuity in the suppressed eye and in extreme cases in blindness in an otherwise functional eye.[4] Patching the good eye forces the amblyopic eye to function, thereby causing vision in that eye to be retained.[2][3] It is important to perform "near activities" (such as reading or handiwork) when patched, thereby exercising active, attentive vision.[5]

A study provided evidence that children treated for amblyopia with eye patching had lower self-perception of social acceptance.[6] To prevent a child from being socially marginalized by their peers due to wearing an eye patch, atropine eye drops may be used instead. This induces temporary blurring in the treated eye.

It has been pointed out that the penalization of one eye by means of patching or atropine drops does not provide the necessary conditions to develop or improve binocular vision. Efforts have been made to propose alternative treatments of amblyopia that do allow for the improvement of binocular sight, for example, using binasal occlusion or partially frosted spectacles in place of any eye patch, using alternating occlusion goggles or using methods of perceptual learning based on video games or virtual reality games for enhancing binocular vision.[4]

A 2014 Cochrane Review sought to determine the effectiveness of occlusion treatment on patients with sensory deprivation amblyopia, however no trials were found eligible to be included in the review.[7] However, it is suggested that good outcomes from occlusion treatment for sensory deprivation amblyopia rely on compliance with the treatment.

Extraocular muscle palsy

To initially relieve double vision (diplopia) caused by an extra-ocular muscle palsy, an eye care professional may recommend using an eyepatch. This can help to relieve the dizziness, vertigo and nausea that are associated with this form of double vision.[8][9][10]

Use by aircraft pilots

Aircraft pilots used an eye patch, or close one eye to preserve night vision when there was disparity in the light intensity within or outside their aircraft, such as when flying at night over brightly lit cities, so that one eye could look out, and the other would be adjusted for the dim lighting of the cockpit to read unlit instruments and maps.[11] Some military pilots have worn a lead-lined or gold-lined eyepatch, to protect against blindness in both eyes, in the event of a nuclear blast or laser weapon attack.[12][13][14]

Eyepatches are not currently used by military personnel; modern technology has provided an array of other means to preserve and enhance night vision, including red-light and low-level white lights, and night vision devices.[15][16][17]

Association with pirates

File:Two sailors with amputated legs, an eyepatch and an amputate Wellcome V0020360.jpg
1783 etching of wounded sailors

Ex-sailors ashore sometimes wore an eye patch to cover the loss of an eye, but pirates rarely wore eye patches while aboard ships. There were some exceptions, including Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami, a well-known pirate of the Persian Gulf, who wore an eye patch after losing an eye in battle.[18][19]

Medical texts have referred to the eye patch as a "pirate's patch" and, writing in the Minnesota Academy of Sciences Journal in 1934, Charles Sheard of the Mayo foundation pointed out that by "wearing a patch (the pirate's patch) over one eye, it will keep the covered eye in a state of readiness and adaptation for night vision".[20] This technique was explored during WWII by institutes such as the United States Navy.[21] It has been suggested that pirates before electric lighting wore eyepatches to keep one eye adjusted to darkness ahead of a boarding operation, so that they would be ready to fight below deck where the lighting was poor. This idea was tested in an episode of MythBusters in 2007 and found to be plausible, but this application has never been documented in any historical naval manual.[22]

Notable wearers

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In fiction

An eyepatch can be used in fiction to lend an additional dimension to a character, an air of mystery or general je ne sais quoi.[74]

See also

References

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External links

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  1. ↑ Google search
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Final Activity and Management Report Summary - SVS (Strabismus and visual suppression) Template:Webarchive, CORDIS
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ O'Sullivan, S.B & Schmitz, T.J. (2007). Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, PA: Davis. Template:ISBN.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Roy Brocklebank (2005). WORLD WAR III – The 1960s Version. Journal of Navigation, 58, pp 341-347 Script error: No such module "doi".
  12. ↑ Nuclear flash eye protection, Steen Hartov
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Template:Usurped
  23. ↑ [1]National Portrait Gallery
  24. ↑ [2] Template:WebarchiveSightseeing Madrid - The Princess of Eboli
  25. ↑ The Herald - Glasgow (UK) Nov 4, 2002
  26. ↑ St. Louis Post Dispatch
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Bruce Peterson Bio Template:WebarchiveLee Majors Online
  30. ↑ a b c d Our favorite eyepatch heroesTemplate:Dead link Maxim magazine
  31. ↑ Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 1966–1968 Template:Webarchive by Major Daniel P. Bolger
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  33. ↑ Is Horrible 'Valkyrie' Tom Cruise's Nazi Apologia?Fox News
  34. ↑ Dale Chihuly opens Rhode Island school gallery MSNBC
  35. ↑ NASA Oral History TranscriptNASA
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Sohachi Yamaoka, Date Masamune.
  38. ↑ a b c d e Great Moments in Eye PatchesThe New York Times
  39. ↑ Bangor Daily News, May 26, 1995
  40. ↑ "Preminuo Dušan Prelević", novosti.rs
  41. ↑ New York Day by Day Template:Webarchive Miami Herald
  42. ↑ Colombia 1993 Lions Club International Amblyopia Prevention Campaign Digital Disability
  43. ↑ UNRAVELING THE MYSTERY OF WHITE BIRD'S FLIGHT Boston Globe Mar 8, 1987
  44. ↑ a b Scorsese's film `Journey' whirls through magnificent obsession Template:Webarchive The San Diego Union
  45. ↑ Dreams come true again Template:Webarchive The Herald - Glasgow (UK) Jan 31, 2000
  46. ↑ Fluxus Reader by Ken Friedman publisher Academy Editions Template:ISBN
  47. ↑ Jazz singer George Melly dies ABC News
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Jan Syrový
  50. ↑ Vojenské osobnosti předválečné armády - Armádní generál Jan Syrový
  51. ↑ José Millán and Terreros Base documental d'Història de Catalunya Contemporary. Biografies. (1800–1931) Biografies. (1800–1931)
  52. ↑ Luis Vaz de Camões Catholic Encyclopedia
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ A LIFE OF PRAYER FOR EWTN STAR STROKES BRING MOTHER ANGELICA FULL CIRCLE Saint Paul Pioneer Press - May 3, 2003
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Nicolas-Jacques Conté This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ The Scourge of the Pirate Coast Template:Webarchive QatarVisitor
  63. ↑ TV: Focus on Directors; Raoul Walsh Is Rewarding Subject in Channel 13's 'Men Who Made Movies' The New York Times
  64. ↑ Ray Sawyer The Spokesman-Review, Dec 22, 1978
  65. ↑ Richard Tesařík
  66. ↑ Richard W. Rahn, Cato Institute. Accessed December 4, 2008.
  67. ↑ Kansas '70s superstars lead lineup of Celebration bands By DAVID BURKE The Herald & Review August 4, 1999
  68. ↑ Interview with Ron Hamilton (Patch the Pirate) Template:Webarchive The Baptist Voice
  69. ↑ ‘What I actually look like’: Salman Rushdie shares first selfie since 2022 attack
  70. ↑ Sheila Gish Renowned British actress of stage and screen by Carole woods Herald Scotland March 14, 2005
  71. ↑ Weir, Henry VIII, p. 262.
  72. ↑ Without Bad Luck, He'd Have No Luck at All by John Branch The New York Times March 24, 2006
  73. ↑ POST, WILEY HARDEMAN Texas State Historical Association
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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