General Court (European Union)

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The General Court (Template:Langx), informally known as the European General Court (Template:Abbr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". EGC), is a constituent court of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It hears actions taken against the institutions of the European Union by individuals and member states, although certain matters are reserved for the European Court of Justice. Decisions of the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice, but only on a point of law. Prior to the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009, it was known as the Court of First Instance.

Competence

The General Court has competence over the following cases.[1]

  • Actions for annulment brought by individuals

Such actions are brought by individuals against acts of the Union institutions. To be admissible, the act being challenged must either be directly addressed to the person; or be a regulatory act that directly affects that person and needs no further implementing measure to come into effect; or directly and individually concern the legal situation of the person bringing the case.

  • Actions for annulment brought by EU member states

Such actions are brought by EU member states against acts of the European Commission. Sometimes acts of the Council of the EU can also be targeted, if they concern state aid, trade and anti-dumping issues or other acts where the Council exercises implementing powers.

  • Actions for failure to act by individuals

These actions can be brought when a EU institution has been asked to act but has failed to do so.

  • Actions for damages

Actions for the reparation of damage caused by unlawful conduct on the part of a Union institution.

  • Actions based on an arbitration clause

Disputes concerning contracts in public or private law entered into by the Union, containing such a clause.

  • Actions concerning the civil service (disputes between the Union and its officials and other servants) – from 2005 to 2016 these cases were transferred to the European Union Civil Service Tribunal, but returned to the General Court when its size was doubled.
  • References for preliminary rulings

All such cases are initially brought before the Court of Justice, which can then transfer them to the General Court when they concern:

  • VAT
  • customs, excise duties or the tariff classification of goods
  • greenhouse gas emissions trading
  • passenger compensation

The Court of Justice does not transfer these cases, and instead rules itself, when they involve a decision of principle that may affect the unity or consistency of EU law.[2]

  • Staff cases

Cases where a member of the staff of an EU institution has a grievance towards its employer. Originally dealt with by the European Union Civil Service Tribunal, the General Court took them over when the Tribunal was dissolved on 1 September 2016.[3]

All cases heard at first instance by the General Court may be subject to a right of appeal to the Court of Justice on points of law only. However, due to the high number of appeals lodged, a mechanism is now in place to filter them and allow only a few to reach the Court of Justice.[2]

Composition

Since February 2020 the General Court is composed of 54 Judges; this follows a 2016 reform which increased the number of judges to two per member state by 2019, and the departure of the UK from the EU at the end of January 2020. The Judges are appointed for a renewable term of six years by common accord of the governments of the Member States. As of February 2020Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., there are 49 Judges in post: 23 member states have nominated both their judges, whilst Latvia, Poland, and Slovakia have nominated just one, and Slovenia has nominated neither.

The members of the General Court elect their president and the presidents of the Chambers of five Judges from among their number for a renewable period of three years.

There are no permanent Advocates General attached to the General Court (unlike the European Court of Justice, which has eleven Advocates General). However, the task of an Advocate General may be performed in a limited number of cases by a Judge nominated to do so. In practice this has been done occasionally.[1]

List of presidents

Elected Term ended Judge
25 September 1989 18 September 1995 Template:Flagicon José Luís da Cruz Vilaça
18 September 1995 4 March 1998 Template:Flagicon Antonio Saggio
4 March 1998 17 September 2007 Template:Flagicon Bo Vesterdorf
17 September 2007 26 September 2019 Template:Flagicon Marc Jaeger
27 September 2019 Incumbent Template:Flagicon Marc van der Woude

List of vice-presidents

Elected Term ended Judge
17 September 2013 19 September 2016 Template:Flagicon Heikki Kanninen
20 September 2016 26 September 2019 Template:Flagicon Marc van der Woude
27 September 2019 Incumbent Template:Flagicon Savvas Papasavvas

List of judges

Name Country Elected Current term ends Other
Viktor Kreuschitz Template:Flagicon Austria 2013 2022
Gerhard Hesse Template:Flagicon Austria 2019[4] 2022
Paul Nihoul Template:Flagicon Belgium 2016[5] 2022
Geert De Baere Template:Flagicon Belgium 2017[5] 2022
Mariyana Kancheva Template:Flagicon Bulgaria 2011[6] 2025[7]
Alexander Kornezov Template:Flagicon Bulgaria 2016 2025[7] President of the Tenth Chamber
Vesna Tomljenović Template:Flagicon Croatia 2013[8] 2025[9] President of the Second Chamber
Tamara Perišin Template:Flagicon Croatia 2019[10] 2025[9]
Savvas Papasavvas Template:Flagicon Cyprus 2004[11] 2022 Vice-president of the General Court (2019–2022)
Anna Marcoulli Template:Flagicon Cyprus 2016[12] 2022 President of the Sixth Chamber
Petra Škvařilová-Pelzl Template:Flagicon Czech Republic 2019 2025
David Petrlík Template:Flagicon Czech Republic 2021[13] 2025
Sten Frimodt Nielsen Template:Flagicon Denmark 2007 2022
Jesper Svenningsen Template:Flagicon Denmark 2016 2022 President of the Eighth Chamber
Lauri Madise Template:Flagicon Estonia 2013 2022
Iko Nõmm Template:Flagicon Estonia 2019[9] 2022[9]
Heikki Kanninen Template:Flagicon Finland 2009[14] 2022 President of the First Chamber
Vice-president of the General Court (2013–2016)
Tuula Pynnä Template:Flagicon Finland 2019[9] 2022[9]
Stéphane Gervasoni Template:Flagicon France 2013 2025[7] President of the Fourth Chamber
Laurent Truchot Template:Flagicon France 2019[7] 2025[7] Judge (2007–2013)
Johannes Laitenberger Template:Flagicon Germany 2019 2025
Gabriele Steinfatt Template:Flagicon Germany 2019[15] 2025[9]
Dimitris Gratsias Template:Flagicon Greece 2010 2022
Constantinos Iliopoulos Template:Flagicon Greece 2016[12] 2022
TBA Template:Flagicon Hungary
Zoltán Csehi Template:Flagicon Hungary 2016[12] 2022
Suzanne Kingston Template:Flagicon Ireland 2021[16] 2025[17]
Colm Mac Eochaidh Template:Flagicon Ireland 2017[18] 2025[9]
Roberto Mastroianni Template:Flagicon Italy 2019 2025
Ornella Porchia Template:Flagicon Italy 2019 2025
TBA Template:Flagicon Latvia
Inga Reine Template:Flagicon Latvia 2016[19] 2025[7]
Rimvydas Norkus Template:Flagicon Lithuania 2019 2025
Virgilijus Valančius Template:Flagicon Lithuania 2016[12] 2019*
Marc Jaeger Template:Flagicon Luxembourg 1996 2022 President of the General Court (2007–2019)
Dean Spielmann Template:Flagicon Luxembourg 2016[12] 2022 President of the Fifth Chamber
Eugène Buttigieg Template:Flagicon Malta 2012 2025
Ramona Frendo Template:Flagicon Malta 2019 2025
Marc van der Woude Template:Flagicon Netherlands 2010 2022 President of the General Court (2019–2022)
Vice-president of the General Court (2016–2019)
René Barents Template:Flagicon Netherlands 2016 2022
Krystyna Kowalik-Bańczyk Template:Flagicon Poland 2016 2022
Nina Półtorak Template:Flagicon Poland 2016[12] 2016*
Ion Gâlea Template:Flagicon Romania 2021 2022
Mirela Stancu Template:Flagicon Romania 2019[7] 2022[7]
Ricardo Da Silva Passos Template:Flagicon Portugal 2016 2022 President of the Seventh Chamber
Maria José Costeira Template:Flagicon Portugal 2016[20] 2022 President of the Ninth Chamber
Juraj Schwarcz Template:Flagicon Slovakia 2009[21] 2022[22]
TBA Template:Flagicon Slovakia
Maja Brkan Template:Flagicon Slovenia 2021[23] 2025[24]
Damjan Kukovec Template:Flagicon Slovenia TBA
José Martín y Pérez de Nanclares Template:Flagicon Spain 2019[25] 2025
Miguel Sampol Pucurull Template:Flagicon Spain 2019[25] 2025
Ulf Christophe Öberg Template:Flagicon Sweden 2016[26] 2025[7]
Fredrik Schalin Template:Flagicon Sweden 2016[19] 2025[7]

* Judge continues to hold the office until their successor takes up the duties according to the Article 5(3) of the Protocol No. 3 on the Statute of the Court of Justice of the EU

List of former judges

Name Country Elected Term ended Ref.
Josef Azizi Template:Flagicon Austria 19 January 1995 16 September 2013 [27]
Koen Lenaerts Template:Flagicon Belgium 25 September 1989 6 October 2003 [28]
Franklin Dehousse Template:Flagicon Belgium 6 October 2003 19 September 2016 [28]
Teodor Tchipev Template:Flagicon Bulgaria 12 January 2007 29 June 2010 [29]
Irena Pelikánová Template:Flagicon Czech Republic 12 May 2004 26 September 2019 [28]
Jan M. Passer Template:Flagicon Czech Republic 19 September 2016 6 October 2020 [30]
Bo Versterdorf Template:Flagicon Denmark 25 September 1989 17 September 2007 [28]
Küllike Jürimäe Template:Flagicon Estonia 12 May 2004 23 October 2013 [28]
Virpi Tiili Template:Flagicon Finland 8 January 1995 6 October 2009 [28]
Jacques Biancarelli Template:Flagicon France 25 September 1989 18 September 1995 [28]
André Potocki Template:Flagicon France 18 September 1995 19 September 2001 [28]
Hubert Legal Template:Flagicon France 19 September 2001 17 September 2007 [28]
Heinrich Kirschner Template:Flagicon Germany 25 September 1989 6 February 1997 [28]
Jörg Pirrung Template:Flagicon Germany 11 June 1997 17 September 2007 [28]
Alfred Dittrich Template:Flagicon Germany 17 September 2007 26 September 2019 [28]
Christos G. Yeraris Template:Flagicon Greece 25 September 1989 18 September 1992 [28]
Andreas Kalogerpoulos Template:Flagicon Greece 18 September 1992 17 September 1998 [28]
Michail Vilaras Template:Flagicon Greece 17 September 1998 25 October 2010 [28]
Ottó Czúcz Template:Flagicon Hungary 12 May 2004 19 September 2016 [28]
Barna Berke Template:Flagicon Hungary 19 September 2016 2 August 2021 [31]
Donal Barrington Template:Flagicon Ireland 25 September 1989 10 January 1996 [28]
John Cooke Template:Flagicon Ireland 10 January 1996 15 September 2008 [28]
Kevin O'Higgins Template:Flagicon Ireland 15 September 2008 16 September 2013 [28]
Anthony M. Collins Template:Flagicon Ireland 16 September 2013[32] 7 October 2021[33]
Antonio Saggio Template:Flagicon Italy 25 September 1989 4 March 1998 [28]
Paolo Mengozzi Template:Flagicon Italy 4 March 1998 3 May 2006 [28]
Enzo Moavero Milanesi Template:Flagicon Italy 3 May 2006 15 November 2011 [28]
Guido Berardis Template:Flagicon Italy 17 September 2012 31 August 2019 [28]
Ezio Perillo Template:Flagicon Italy 19 September 2016 26 September 2019 [28]
Ingrida Labucka Template:Flagicon Latvia 12 May 2004[34] 25 February 2020
Vilenas Vadapalas Template:Flagicon Lithuania 12 May 2004 16 September 2013 [28]
Egidijus Bieliūnas Template:Flagicon Lithuania 16 September 2013 26 September 2019 [28]
Romain Schintgen Template:Flagicon Luxembourg 25 September 1989 11 July 1996 [28]
Ena Cremona Template:Flagicon Malta 12 May 2004 22 March 2012 [29]
Peter George Xuereb Template:Flagicon Malta 6 June 2016 8 October 2018 [28]
Cornelis Paulus Briët Template:Flagicon Netherlands 25 September 1989 17 September 1998 [28]
Arjen Meij Template:Flagicon Netherlands 17 September 1998 13 September 2010 [29]
Irena Wiszniewska-Bialecka Template:Flagicon Poland 15 May 2004 19 September 2016 [27]
Nina Półtorak Template:Flagicon Poland 13 April 2016 31 August 2016 [27]
José Luis Da Cruz Vilaça Template:Flagicon Portugal 25 September 1989 18 September 1995 [27]
Rui Manuel Gens De Moura Ramos Template:Flagicon Portugal 19 September 1995 31 March 2003 [27]
Maria Eguénia Martins De Nazaré Ribeiro Template:Flagicon Portugal 31 March 2003 19 September 2016 [27]
Valeriu M. Ciuca Template:Flagicon Romania 12 January 2007 26 November 2010 [29]
Andrei Popescu Template:Flagicon Romania 26 November 2010 19 September 2016 [27]
Octavia Spineanu-Matei Template:Flagicon Romania 19 September 2016 7 October 2021 [29]
Daniel Šváby Template:Flagicon Slovakia 21 May 2004 6 October 2010 [29]
Verica Trstenjak Template:Flagicon Slovenia 7 July 2004 6 October 2006 [27]
Miro Prek Template:Flagicon Slovenia 6 October 2006 26 September 2019 [27]
Rafael Garcia-Valdecasas Y Fernández Template:Flagicon Spain 25 September 1989 17 September 2007 [28]
Santiago Soldevila Fragoso Template:Flagicon Spain 17 September 2007 16 September 2013 [28]
Ignacio Ulloa Rubio Template:Flagicon Spain 16 September 2013 26 September 2019 [28]
Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Ibáñez-Martín Template:Flagicon Spain 13 April 2016 26 September 2019 [28]
Pernilla Lindh Template:Flagicon Sweden 18 January 1995 6 October 2006 [27]
Nils Wahl Template:Flagicon Sweden 6 October 2006 28 November 2012 [27]
Carl Wetter Template:Flagicon Sweden 18 March 2013 19 September 2016 [27]
Former Member State
David A. O. Edward Template:Flagicon United Kingdom 25 September 1989 10 March 1992 [27]
Christopher William Bellamy Template:Flagicon United Kingdom 10 March 1992 15 December 1999 [27]
Nicholas James Forwood Template:Flagicon United Kingdom 15 December 1999 7 October 2015 [27]
Ian Stewart Forrester Template:Flagicon United Kingdom 1 October 2015 31 January 2020

List of registrars

Elected Term ended Judge
27 September 1989 6 October 2005 Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon Hans Jung
6 October 2005 30 April 2023 Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon Emmanuel Coulon
5 June 2023 Incumbent Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon Vittorio Di Bucci

Procedure

The General Court has its own Rules of Procedure. The 1991 rules were replaced by revised Rules of Procedure which came into effect on 1 July 2015.[35] The Court's procedure includes a written phase and an oral phase. The proceedings are conducted in the language chosen by the petitioner. As in the European Court of Justice, the working language of the Court is nevertheless French, and this includes the language the judges deliberate in and the drafting language of preliminary reports and judgments.[36]

The Court is separated into 9 divisions (called 'chambers') sat by 3-judge benches, except for the 7th division whose bench is sat by 4 judges. Each chamber has an extended composition of 5 judges. Cases are assigned by the President of the Court to a relevant divisional presiding judge. The presiding judge assigned to the case then chooses a judge-reporter (judge-rapporteur) from the judges of the division, whose clerks write a preliminary report (rapport préalable) based on the parties' pleadings and applicable law.

At the close of the written phase and, as the case may be, on adoption of measures of inquiry, the case is argued orally in open court. The proceedings are interpreted simultaneously, if necessary, into various official languages of the European Union. The judges then deliberate based on a draft judgment prepared by the judge-reporter. The Court's final judgment is handed down in open court.[37]

Notes

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References

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  35. ↑ General Court of the European Union, New procedural rules adopted by the General Court, Press Release 73/15, published 19 June 2015, accessed 15 November 2022
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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