Commune of the Working People of Estonia

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The Estonian Workers' Commune[3] (Template:Langx, initially Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Langx Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". or ETK, also Estonian Labour Commune[4] and Commune of the Working People of Estonia[5]) was a government claiming the Bolshevik-occupied parts of Republic of Estonia as its territories during the Estonian War of Independence and the Russian Civil War.[6] It was recognised as an independent state only by the Russian SFSR, on December 7th, 1918.[3]

File:Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg
Another version of flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia

Establishment and fall

The Commune was established in Narva on 29 November 1918 with the support of the Red Army. It was chaired by Jaan Anvelt for the duration of its existence. Within areas of their control, the Commune closed churches, nationalised industry and the banks[7] and outlawed representatives of the Provisional Government.[8]

The Communist offensive was initially successful and eventually reached as far as 34 kilometres from Tallinn. However, a counter-offensive begun on 7 January 1919 by the Estonian People's Force (Rahvavägi) under Commander-in-Chief Johan Laidoner eventually drove the Red Army out of Estonia, with international military aid primarily from the British Empire. The Commune was thus rendered defunct, claiming a government in exile in Pskov, then Luga and finally, from 17 May 1919, in Staraya Russa.

File:Flag of Estonian Commune.png
Flag[1][2]

International recognition

The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) formally recognised the ETK on 7 December 1918 and remained the only government to do so.[9] At that time, Soviet Russia was itself not internationally recognised. One of the first international treaties recognising Russia's Soviet government as legitimate was the Treaty of Tartu concluding the Estonian War of Independence in 1920.

Massacres

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File:Victims of Bolshevik Cheka in Tartu, Estonia, 1919.jpg
Corpses of victims of the 1919 Tartu Credit Center Massacre, among them Estonian bishop Platon, killed by the withdrawing Bolsheviks

The regime instituted a reign of terror[10] from November 1918 to January 1919.[11] A considerable number of people were arrested in Tartu in December 1918 and a number of German estate owners were executed on the frozen river on 9 January 1919.[11] A concentration camp was also set up near Luga, in January 1919.[12] Just before Tartu was seized, the Bolsheviks carried out the Tartu Credit Center Massacre executing clergymen and other prisoners in the basement of the town's bank,[11] among the victims were Bishop Platon, the priest Template:Interlanguage link and the pastor Template:Interlanguage link.[11] Around 500 people were killed in total.[13]

Members of the Commune

Soviet authorities executed most of the members during the Great Purge.[14]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Eesti ajalugu, a textbook for grade 11 by Küllo Arjakas, Mati Laur, Tõnis Lukas and Ain Mäesalu; Koolibri, Tallinn 1991; p. 263.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

  • Szajkowski, Bogdan. The Establishment of Marxist Regimes. London: Butterworths, 1982. p. 21-22. (Template:ISBN)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (1.24 MiB)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". in Baltic Defence Review, No.8, Volume 2/2002.

External links


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