Elaeagnus

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Automatic taxobox

Elaeagnus (Template:IPAc-en)[1] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae.[2] Some species of the genus are commonly known as silverberry or oleaster,

Description

Elaeagnus plants are deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees.[2] The alternate leaves and the shoots are usually covered with tiny silvery to brownish scales, giving the plants a whitish to grey-brown colour from a distance. The flowers are small, with a four-lobed calyx and no petals; they are often fragrant. The fruit is a fleshy drupe containing a single seed; it is edible in many species. Several species are cultivated for their fruit, including E. angustifolia, E. umbellata, and E. multiflora (gumi). E. umbellata contains the carotenoid lycopene.[3]

Taxonomy

The genus Elaeagnus was erected in 1754 by Carl Linnaeus, who attributed the name to Joseph Pitton de Tournefort.[4][5] There is agreement that the name is based on Theophrastus's use of the Ancient Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Transliteration, latinized to Template:Transliteration) as the name of a shrub.[6] The first part of the name, elae-, is from Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'olive'. Sources differ on the origin of the second part: it may be from Script error: No such module "Lang"., Vitex agnus-castus, the chaste tree,[6] or from the Greek name for a kind of willow.[7] In either case, the second part is derived from Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Transliteration), meaning 'pure', 'chaste'.[8]

Species

Plants of the World Online currently (February 2025) includes:[9] Template:Div col

  1. Elaeagnus angustata Template:Au (China)
  2. Elaeagnus angustifolia Template:Au – type species – oleaster, Russian olive, etc. (western Asia)
  3. Elaeagnus annamensis Template:Au
  4. Elaeagnus arakiana Template:Au
  5. Elaeagnus argyi Template:Au (China)
  6. Elaeagnus bambusetorum Template:Au (China)
  7. Elaeagnus bockii Template:Au (China)
  8. Elaeagnus bonii Template:Au
  9. Elaeagnus calcarea Template:Au
  10. Elaeagnus caudata Template:Au
  11. Elaeagnus cinnamomifolia Template:Au (China)
  12. Elaeagnus commutata Template:Au – American silverberry or wolf-willow (North America)
  13. Elaeagnus conferta Template:Au (southern Asia)
  14. Elaeagnus courtoisii Template:Au (China)
  15. Elaeagnus darenensis Template:Au (China)
  16. Elaeagnus davidi Template:Au (China)
  17. Elaeagnus delavayi Template:Au
  18. Elaeagnus difficilis Template:Au
  19. Elaeagnus elongatus Template:Au
  20. Elaeagnus epitricha Template:Au
  21. Elaeagnus fasciculata Template:Au
  22. Elaeagnus formosana Template:Au
  23. Elaeagnus formosensis Template:Au (Taiwan)
  24. Elaeagnus geniculata Template:Au
  25. Elaeagnus glabra Template:Au (eastern Asia)
  26. Elaeagnus gonyanthes Template:Au (China)
  27. Elaeagnus grandifolia Template:Au (China)
  28. Elaeagnus griffithii Template:Au (China)
  29. Elaeagnus grijsii Template:Au
  30. Elaeagnus guizhouensis Template:Au
  31. Elaeagnus henryi Template:Au
  32. Elaeagnus heterophylla Template:Au
  33. Elaeagnus hunanensis Template:Au (China)
  34. Elaeagnus indica Template:Au
  35. Elaeagnus infundibularis Template:Au
  36. Elaeagnus jiangxiensis Template:Au (China)
  37. Elaeagnus jingdonensis Template:Au (China)
  38. Elaeagnus kanaii Template:Au (China)
  39. Elaeagnus lanceolata Template:Au (China)
  40. Elaeagnus lanpingensis Template:Au (China)
  41. Elaeagnus laosensis Template:Au
  42. Elaeagnus latifolia Template:Au (southern Asia)
  43. Elaeagnus lipoensis Template:Au
  44. Elaeagnus liukiuensis Template:Au
  45. Elaeagnus liuzhouensis Template:Au (China)
  46. Elaeagnus longiloba Template:Au (China)
  47. Elaeagnus loureiroi Template:Au (southern China)
  48. Elaeagnus luoxiangensis Template:Au (China)
  49. Elaeagnus luxiensis Template:Au (China)
  50. Elaeagnus macrantha Template:Au (China)
  51. Elaeagnus macrophylla Template:Au (eastern Asia)
  52. Elaeagnus magna Template:Au
  53. Elaeagnus × maritima Template:Au
  54. Elaeagnus matsunoana Template:Au
  55. Elaeagnus maximowiczii Template:Au
  56. Elaeagnus micrantha Template:Au (China)
  57. Elaeagnus mollis Template:Au (China)
  58. Elaeagnus montana Template:Au
  59. Elaeagnus multiflora Template:Au – cherry silverberry or gumi (eastern Asia)
  60. Elaeagnus murakamiana Template:Au
  61. Elaeagnus numajiriana Template:Au
  62. Elaeagnus obovatifolia Template:Au
  63. Elaeagnus oldhamii Template:Au (China)
  64. Elaeagnus ovata Template:Au (China)
  65. Elaeagnus pallidiflora Template:Au (China)
  66. Elaeagnus pilostyla Template:Au
  67. Elaeagnus pingnanensis Template:Au
  68. Elaeagnus pungens Template:Au – silverthorn (Japan)
  69. Elaeagnus pyriformis Template:Au (eastern Himalaya)
  70. Elaeagnus × reflexa Template:Au
  71. Elaeagnus retrostyla Template:Au (China)
  72. Elaeagnus rivularis Template:Au
  73. Elaeagnus rotundata Template:Au
  74. Elaeagnus s-stylata Template:Au
  75. Elaeagnus sarmentosa Template:Au (China)
  76. Elaeagnus schlechtendalii Template:Au (China)
  77. Elaeagnus stellipila Template:Au (China)
  78. Elaeagnus × submacrophylla Template:Au
  79. Elaeagnus takeshitae Template:Au
  80. Elaeagnus taliensis Template:Au (China)
  81. Elaeagnus tarokoensis Template:Au
  82. Elaeagnus thunbergii Template:Au (China)
  83. Elaeagnus tonkinensis Template:Au (southeastern Asia)
  84. Elaeagnus tricholepis Template:Au
  85. Elaeagnus triflora Template:Au (southeastern Asia, northeast Australia)
  86. Elaeagnus tubiflora Template:Au (China)
  87. Elaeagnus tutcheri Template:Au (southern China)
  88. Elaeagnus umbellata Template:Au – Japanese silverberry or autumn olive (eastern Asia)
  89. Elaeagnus viridis Template:Au (China)
  90. Elaeagnus wenshanensis Template:Au (China)
  91. Elaeagnus xichouensis Template:Au (China)
  92. Elaeagnus xingwenensis Template:Au (China)
  93. Elaeagnus xizangensis Template:Au (China)
  94. Elaeagnus yakusimensis Template:Au
  95. Elaeagnus yoshinoi Template:Au (China)
  96. Elaeagnus yunnanensis Template:Au (Yunnan)

Template:Div col end

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The following species have been placed in other genera or their status has been considered unresolved:[10] Template:Div col

  • Elaeagnus arakiana Koidz.
  • Elaeagnus asakawana Sa.Kurata
  • Elaeagnus attenuata Nakai
  • Elaeagnus crocea Nakai
  • Elaeagnus cyanea Aiton ex Steud.
  • Elaeagnus emarginata Colla
  • Elaeagnus fasciculata (Wall. ex Steud.) A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus fragrans Nakai
  • Elaeagnus fruticosa (Lour.) A.Chev.
  • Elaeagnus fusca Pépin ex Lem.
  • Elaeagnus higoensis Nakai
  • Elaeagnus kiusiana Nakai
  • Elaeagnus laetevirens Lindb.
  • Elaeagnus latifolia Lour.
  • Elaeagnus mayeharai Nakai
  • Elaeagnus nagasakiana Nakai
  • Elaeagnus numajiriana Makino
  • Elaeagnus oleaster L.
  • Elaeagnus pauciflora C.Y. Chang (China)
  • Elaeagnus philippinensis Perrott. – lingaro berry (Philippines)
  • Elaeagnus × pyramidalis Browicz & Bugala (E. commutata × E. multiflora)
  • Elaeagnus oxycarpa Schltdl. (China)
  • Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus rotundifolia (Parry) A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus sativa Dippel
  • Elaeagnus undulata auct.
  • Elaeagnus utilis A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus veteris-castelli Lepage

Template:Div col end

Hybrids

The following hybrids have been described:[10][9]

Habitat

The vast majority of the species are native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia.[2] Elaeagnus triflora extends from Asia south into northeastern Australia, while E. commutata is native to North America, and Elaeagnus philippinensis is native to the Philippines. One of the Asian species, E. angustifolia, may also be native in southeasternmost Europe, though it may instead be an early human introduction there. Also, several Asiatic species of Elaeagnus have become established as introduced species in North America, with some of these species being considered invasive, or even designated as noxious, in portions of the United States.[2][11][12]

Ecology

Elaeagnus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora elaeagnisella and the Gothic moths. The thorny shrubs can also provide good nesting sites for birds.

Nitrogen fixation

Many Elaeagnus species harbor nitrogen-fixing organisms in their roots, so are able to grow well in low-nitrogen soils.[2] This ability results in multiple ecological consequences where these Elaeagnus species are present. They can become invasive in many locations where they are established as exotic species. Two species (E. pungens and E. umbellata) are currently rated as category II noxious, invasive species in many world regions[2] and by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council.[12]

Cultivation

Elaeagnus species are widely cultivated for their showy, often variegated, foliage, and numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed.[13]

The fruit is acidic and somewhat astringent.[2] It makes good tarts.[14]

File:Silverberry, GSBF-CN 259, September 12, 2008.jpg
E. angustifolia cultivated as bonsai

Notable species and hybrids in cultivation include:-

The hybrid Elaeagnus × submacrophylla[15] and the cultivar 'Gilt Edge'[16] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[17]

File:SilverBerries1.jpg
Berries from a large-fruited cultivar
File:宜梧 Elaeagnus oldhamii 20210225184946 01.jpg
Elaeagnus oldhamii

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Template:BONAP
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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