Edible mushroom

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File:Edible fungi in basket 2009 G1 (cropped).jpg
Assorted wild edible mushrooms

Edible mushrooms are the fleshy fruit bodies of numerous species of properly identified and prepared fungi. Edibility may be defined by criteria including their palatability and absence of dangerous mycotoxins. Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional and culinary value, often either being cultivated or harvested wild. Easily cultivated and common wild mushrooms are often available in markets; those that are more difficult to obtain may be collected on a smaller scale.

To ensure safety, wild mushrooms must be correctly identified before their edibility can be assumed. Deadly poisonous mushrooms that are frequently confused with edible mushrooms include several species of the genus Amanita, particularly A. phalloides (the death cap). Some mushrooms that are edible for most people can cause allergic reactions in others; old or improperly stored specimens can cause food poisoning. Additionally, mushrooms can absorb chemicals from polluted locations, accumulating pollutants and potentially lethal heavy metals.

Psychoactive mushrooms can also be confused with edible species. Additionally, mushrooms were consumed medicinally in traditional medicine, but are not upheld by evidence. Edible species typically must be cooked, sometimes requiring parboiling or slow cooking to destroy toxins, with only select species able to be eaten raw. Many can also be canned, dried, pickled, or salted.

Description

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Edibility may be defined by criteria including desirable taste and aroma and the absence of poisonous effects on humans.[1] Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional and culinary value. Mushrooms, especially dried shiitake, are sources of umami flavor.[2][3] Edible mushrooms include many fungal species that are either harvested wild or cultivated.Template:Sfn

Wild mushrooms can appear either below ground (hypogeous) or above ground (epigeous) and can be picked by hand.[4] Correct identification is required to prevent the confusion of potentially fatal poisonous mushrooms with edible ones.[5][6][7] Some edible species cannot be identified without the use of advanced techniques such as chemistry or microscopy.Template:Sfn

Easily cultivated and common wild mushrooms are often available in grocery stores and farmers' markets when in season; those that are more difficult to obtain (such as the truffle, matsutake, and morel) may be collected on a smaller scale and are sometimes even sold as luxury items.[8] Mushrooms can be purchased fresh and many are also sold dried.Template:Sfn Many species require cooking to eliminate toxicity.[5][9]

List of provisionally edible mushrooms

Mushroom image Part image Scientific name Common name Description Distribution Cultivation Edibility
File:Pieczarka polowa vongrzanka.JPG
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:2008-08-Agaricus-Stuttgart-young.JPG Agaricus arvensis Horse mushroom[10] Up to Script error: No such module "convert". wide; resembles deadly Amanita speciesTemplate:Sfn Britain and North America Harvested wild Edible for most people, but can resemble deadly AmanitasTemplate:Sfn
File:Agaricus bisporus Zuchtchampignon2.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Giant mushroom underside.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Agaricus bisporus Button mushroom, common mushroom, cremini, portobello, and others[11][12] As it ages, it turns from small, white and smooth to large and light brown.[12] WidespreadScript error: No such module "Unsubst". in rich soilTemplate:Sfn Widely cultivatedTemplate:Sfn Edible and widely consumed[11][12]
File:Agaricus campestris.jpg File:Agaricus campestris IMG 20200912 170142.jpg Agaricus campestris Field mushroom Up to Script error: No such module "convert". wide;Template:Sfn resembles deadly Amanitas[13] Widespread in grasses[14] Harvested wild Choice,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn but can resemble poisonous species[15]
File:Agasil0big.jpg
File:Agaricus sylvaticus 238326480.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Agaricus silvaticus Pinewood mushroom Up to 10 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible cooked,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn but resembles some inedible speciesTemplate:Sfn
File:Aleuria aurantia 1.jpg
File:Aleuria aurantia (Orange Peel Fungus).JPG
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Aleuria aurantia Orange peel fungus Up to 10 cm wide, orange, cup-shaped, and fuzzyTemplate:Sfn Europe and North AmericaTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible but difficult to collectTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
File:Amanita caesarea.JPG
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Amanite Oronge 01.jpg Amanita caesarea Caesar's AmanitaTemplate:Sfn Orange to red cap, up to 20 cm wide;Template:Sfn resembles the poisonous Amanita muscaria[16] North Africa, Eurasia, and North AmericaTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible, reportedly raw and cooked[17]
File:Amanita fulva lowpx.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Amanita.fulva2.-.lindsey.jpg Amanita fulva Tawny grisette Up to 10 cm wide;Template:Sfn resembles poisonous Amanitas Europe and North America[18]Template:Sfn Edible cookedTemplate:Sfn
File:Fly Agaric mushroom 05.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Fliegenpilz 2.JPG Amanita muscaria Fly agaric Red cap with white warts; up to 30 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Widespread;[19][20] symbiotic with various trees Parboiling is required.[21] When fresh, it contains the hallucinogen muscimol and some ibotenic acid.[22]
File:Amanita rubescens.JPG
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Amanita.Amerirubescens.002.jpg Amanita rubescens Blusher Up to 15 cm wide;Template:Sfn resembles related speciesTemplate:Sfn Eurasia,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". western North AmericaTemplate:Sfn Edible when cooked,Template:Sfn which destroys a toxin[23]
File:Armillaria mellea, Honey Fungus, UK 1.jpg File:20021102 Neer Mussenberg Paddenstoelen 06 (9929023436).jpg Armillaria mellea Honey mushroom Up to 15 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Eurasia,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". North AmericaTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible, usually excluding the tough stalk;Template:Sfn best when young and well-cookedTemplate:Sfn
File:Boletus edulis (7).jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Boletus.edulis2.-.lindsey.jpg Boletus edulis Porcino Reddish-brown cap up to 30 cm or more wideTemplate:Sfn Widespread in Northern Hemisphere[24] Commercially harvested ChoiceTemplate:Sfn
File:Boletus pinophilus3.JPG File:2008-11-05 Boletus pinophilus Pilát & Dermek 27980 crop.jpg Boletus pinophilus Pine bolete Cap up to 40 cm wide[25] Eurasia[26] Commercially harvested Reportedly edible[27]
File:Boletus variipes 531448.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Boletus variipes UL 06.jpg Boletus variipes Tannish capTemplate:Sfn Eastern North America with hardwoods[28] Commercially harvested ChoiceTemplate:Sfn
File:Calbovista subsculpta 42758.jpg File:Calbovista subsculpta 226094.jpg Calbovista subsculpta Sculptured giant puffball Up to Script error: No such module "convert". wideTemplate:Sfn Western North America in montane areas[29] Commercially harvested Choice while the gleba is still firm and whiteTemplate:Sfn
File:Calocybe gambosa 080420wa.jpg File:Calocybe gambosa (34412661523).jpg Calocybe gambosa St. George's mushroom Up to 15 cm wide[30] Europe from spring to summer[30] Harvested wild Edible cooked or pickled[30]
File:Calvatia cyathiformis 3.JPG File:Calvatia cyathiformis 2.JPG Calvatia cyathiformis Purple-spored puffball Up to 20 cm wideTemplate:Sfn North AmericaTemplate:Sfn and Australia Harvested wild Reportedly edible when youngTemplate:Sfn
File:Calvatia gigantea, Syn. Langermannia gigantea, Lycoperdon gigantea (1) (49147194643).jpg File:Bovist 31.08.08 8.JPG Calvatia gigantea Giant puffball Up to Script error: No such module "convert". wide and Script error: No such module "convert".[31] Temperate areas around the world in meadows, fields, and deciduous forests from late summer and autumn[31]Template:Sfn Commercially harvested Choice when immature and white, but may cause a laxative effectTemplate:Sfn
File:Chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius.jpg File:2007-07-14 Cantharellus cibarius Detail.jpg Cantharellus cibarius Golden chanterelle Up to 15 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Europe[32] Commercially harvested Choice[33] but resembles some poisonous mushroomsTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
File:Polyporus squamosus Molter.jpg File:Dryad's Saddle - pores.jpg Cerioporus squamosus Dryad's saddle and pheasant's back mushroom Up to 30 cm or more wideTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn EuropeTemplate:Sfn and eastern U.S.Template:Sfn Harvested wild Edible young and cookedTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
File:Chroogomphus vinicolor 116581.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Chroogomphus Pine-spikes or spike-caps Northern Hemisphere[34] Harvested wild Some edible speciesTemplate:Sfn
File:Lepista nuda LC0372.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Clitocybe nuda (Fr.) H.E. Bigelow & A.H. Sm 267650.jpg Collybia nuda BlewitTemplate:Sfn Up to 15 cm wide;Template:Sfn may resemble toxic Cortinarius species Europe and North America Commercially harvested EdibleTemplate:Sfn
File:Lepista personata.JPG File:Lilafuß-Rötelritterling-3.jpg Collybia personata (syn. Lepista saeva) Field blewit or blue leg Up to 12 cm wide[35] Europe[35] Edible[36]
File:Coprinopsis atramentaria 3 - Lindsey.jpg File:Coprinopsis atramentaria G3.1.jpg Coprinopsis atramentaria (syn. Coprinus atramentarius) Common inkcap Up to 10 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Northern Hemisphere and Australia[37][38] Edible when young but toxic if consumed with alcohol due to the presence of coprine[39][40]
File:Coprinus comatus, the shaggy ink cap, lawyer's wig, or shaggy mane mushroom.jpg
File:Coprinus comatus (30053094063).jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Coprinus comatus Shaggy mane, shaggy inkcap or lawyer's wig Up to 8 cm wideTemplate:Sfn North America in grasslands and meadowsTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Must be cooked as soon as possible after harvesting or the caps will deliquesce (turn to 'ink')Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
File:Cortinarius caperatus (31845512414).jpg File:Cortinarius caperatus 329307330.jpg Cortinarius caperatus Gypsy mushroom Tannish cap, up to 12 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Northern Europe and northern North America[41]Template:Sfn Commercially harvested Choice,Template:Sfn but can resemble some poisonous European species[42]
File:Craterellus cornucopioides 6.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Craterellus cornucopioides1.jpg Craterellus cornucopioides Trumpet of death or horn of plenty Up to 8 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Eurasia, North America, and Australia[43] Commercially harvested ChoiceTemplate:Sfn
File:Craterellus tubaeformis LC0374.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Cantharellus tubaeformis G28.JPG Craterellus tubaeformis Tube chanterelle or yellowfoot Up to 4 cm wideTemplate:Sfn North America and AsiaTemplate:Sfn[44] Commercially harvested ChoiceTemplate:Sfn
File:Agrocybe aegerita.jpg File:Agrocybeaegerita5.jpg Cyclocybe aegerita Poplar fieldcap Up to 10 cm wide[45] Grows on poplars and other trees[45] Commercially cultivated in Asia and Australia[45] Difficult to identify[46][47]
File:Cyttaria espinosae.jpg File:Cyttaria espinosae Lloyd 884985.jpg Cyttaria espinosae Chile[48] Harvested wild Edible[48]
File:Fistulina hepatica.JPG File:2010-06-26 Fistulina hepatica 47685 cropped.jpg Fistulina hepatica Beefsteak polypore or ox tongue Up to 6 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Europe and North AmericaTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible but older specimens should be soaked overnight then cooked to avoid gastric upsetTemplate:Sfn
File:Enoki mushrooms (50313211173).jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Golden needle mushrooms 1.jpg Flammulina filiformis Enoki Up to 4.5 cm wide[49] Asia Commercially cultivated[50] Asian cuisine[51]
File:2009-11-19 Flammulina velutipes agg biolib.cz crop.jpg File:Flammulina velutipes 04.jpg Flammulina velutipes Velvet shank Up to 10 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Europe and North AmericaTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible cooked, best with the skin removedTemplate:Sfn
File:Gomphidius glutinosus 131007a.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Gomphidius glutinosus 131007.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Gomphidius glutinosus Slimy spike-cap Up to 12 cm wideTemplate:Sfn EurasiaScript error: No such module "Unsubst". and North AmericaTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible[52][53] but possibly not recommended; accumulates heavy metals[54]
File:Grifola frondosa (29715305790).jpg File:Hen of the Woods (22602103527).jpg Grifola frondosa Hen of the woods or sheep's head Up to 50 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Eastern North AmericaTemplate:Sfn and EurasiaTemplate:Sfn Commercially harvested ChoiceTemplate:Sfn but some may be allergicTemplate:Sfn
File:Frühjahrslorchel.JPG
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:2007-04-02 Gyromitra esculenta cropped.jpg Gyromitra esculenta False morel, turban or brain mushroom Up to 12 cm wideTemplate:Sfn North America and Central EuropeTemplate:Sfn[55] Parboiling required to reduce gyromitrin toxicity, which may not be fully effective[56]
File:2010-08-29 Lycoperdon utriforme 129357.jpg
File:RNK 1236 velika puhara.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Handkea utriformis (syn. Calvatia utriformis) Puffball, up to 25 cm wide[57] Widespread in northern temperate zones[58] Harvested wild Edible when immature and white[59]
File:Hericium erinaceus in Sochi.JPG
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:2012-10-02 Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers 268394.jpg Hericium erinaceus Lion's maneTemplate:Sfn Tooth fungus up to 40 cm wide[60] Europe and North America[61]Template:Sfn Commercially harvested Best when youngTemplate:Sfn
File:Hedgehog fungi2.jpg File:Hydnum repandum 78164.jpg Hydnum repandum Sweet tooth or hedgehog mushroom[62] Up to 17 cm or more wideTemplate:Sfn Europe and North America[63]Template:Sfn Commercially harvested Choice; cooking removes bitterness in older specimens[64]
File:Ebe-limanutt1.jpg File:Hygrophorus chrysodon a1 (1).JPG Hygrophorus chrysodon Gold flecked woodwax Up to 14 cm wide[65] Northern HemisphereTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible but blandTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
File:2010-08-25 Hypsizygus tessulatus (Bull.) Singer 103101.jpg File:Hypsizygus tessellatus-389421.jpg Hypsizygus tessulatus Beech mushroom Cap up to 15 cm wideTemplate:Sfn North AmericaTemplate:Sfn Commercially cultivated Tough fleshTemplate:Sfn
File:Boletus badius JPG1.jpg File:2007-07-14 Imleria badia 2.jpg Imleria badia Bay bolete Up to 10 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Eurasia and North America[66]Template:Sfn Harvested wild Edible but allergenic for some[67][68]
File:Kalaharitrueffel.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Kalaharituber pfeilii Up to 12 cm wide[69] Southern Africa[70] Harvested wild Edible[70]
File:Laccocephalum mylittae.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Laccocephalum mylittae Blackfellow's bread Sclerotium grows up to 60 cm wide[71] Australia[72] Harvested wild Edible but not choice[72]
File:Lactarius corrugis 54984.jpg File:Lactarius corrugis Peck 95570.jpg Lactarius corrugis Corrugated-cap milky[73] Brownish-red cap up to 12 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Eastern North America with oak, July–Sept.Template:Sfn ChoiceTemplate:Sfn
File:Lactarius deliciosus.jpg File:2011-11-26 Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray 187161.jpg Lactarius deliciosus Saffron milk cap Up to 20 cm wideTemplate:Sfn EuropeTemplate:Sfn Commercially harvested Not necessarily choice, but popular in RussiaTemplate:Sfn
File:Lactarius deterrimus - Lindsey.jpg File:Lactarius deterrimus3.jpg Lactarius deterrimus Orange milkcap Up to 12 cm wide Eurasia[74] Harvested wild Edible[75]
File:Lactarius hygrophoroides 15959.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Lactarius hygrophoroides 16765.jpg Lactarius hygrophoroides Up to 8 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Eastern North America with oak, June–Sept.Template:Sfn EdibleTemplate:Sfn
File:Indigo Milk Cap (Lactarius indigo) (52381890978).jpg File:Lactarius indigo 7283.jpg Lactarius indigo Indigo milk cap Blue cap, fading to grayish;[76] up to 15 cm wide[77] Northern HemisphereTemplate:Sfn[78][79] Harvested wild EdibleTemplate:Sfn
File:Lactarius paradoxus 112686.jpg File:2007-11-10 Lactarius paradoxus 2.jpg Lactarius paradoxus Blue-green to gray cap; up to 8 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Southern and eastern U.S., autumn–winterTemplate:Sfn Edible but bitter with ageTemplate:Sfn
File:Lactarius rubrilacteus 65786.jpg File:Lactarius rubrilacteus 126762.jpg Lactarius rubrilacteus Cap up to 14 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Western North America, June–Oct.[80] Harvested wild Edible but grainyTemplate:Sfn
File:Lact.sub.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Lactarius subdulcis - Lindsey 1b.jpg Lactarius subdulcis Mild milkcap Up to 7 cm wide[81] EuropeTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible when cooked but not choice[82]
File:Lactarius volemus.jpg File:Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr 246146.jpg Lactarius volemus Fishy milkcap Up to 11 cm wide[81] Eurasia and North America[81][83]Template:Sfn Harvested wild Edible but grainy; best slow-cookedTemplate:Sfn
File:Laetiporus sulphureus big.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Chicken of the Woods L. sulphureus.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Laetiporus sulphureus Sulphur shelf, chicken mushroom A distinct bracket fungusTemplate:Sfn Europe and North AmericaTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible when watery, after cooking[84][85]
File:Leccinum aurantiacum.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Leccinum aurantiacum (Bull.) Gray 425398.jpg Leccinum aurantiacum Red-capped scaber stalk Orange-red cap, up to 15 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Europe[86] Harvested wild Edible cooked, with risk of toxicity;Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn linked to one death[87]
File:Birkenpilz01.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Kasepuravik1.jpg Leccinum scabrum Birch bolete Up to 10 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Europe,Template:Sfn North AmericaTemplate:Sfn and New Zealand[88] Harvested wild Edible when firmTemplate:Sfn
File:Leccinum versipelle LC0366.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Leccinum stipe 96426.jpg Leccinum versipelle (syn. Boletus testaceoscaber) Orange birch bolete Orangish cap, up to 15 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Europe, Aug.–Nov.Template:Sfn Harvested wild Edible cookedTemplate:Sfn
File:Shiitakegrowing.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Lentinula edodes 20101113 b.jpg Lentinula edodes Shiitake Southeast Asia[89] Commercially cultivated worldwide[90] Edible;[2] may cause dermatitis for some unless cooked[91][92]
File:Macrolepiota-procera.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Macrolepiota procera, grote parasolzwam (3).jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Macrolepiota procera Parasol mushroom Up to 25 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Eurasia[93] Harvested wild Choice but resembles some poisonous speciesTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
File:Feldschwindling 02.jpg File:Michigan Marasmius oreades black background.jpg Marasmius oreades Fairy ring champignon Up to 5 cm wide[94] Europe and North AmericaTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild ChoiceTemplate:Sfn
File:Morchella esculenta - DE - TH - 2013-05-01 - 01.JPG
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Morchella esculenta 36795275.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Morchella spp. including Morchella esculenta Morels Can resemble poisonous false morels including Gyromitra esculenta Northern Hemisphere; open scrub, woodland or open ground in late spring Commercially harvested; difficult to grow commercially[95] Potentially toxic if uncooked or consumed with alcohol[96][97][98]
File:Phallus indusiatus 82737507.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Phallus indusiatus 57625738.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Phallus indusiatus Basket stinkhornTemplate:Sfn Cap up to 4 cm wide;Template:Sfn stem up to 25 cm long[99] Tropical regions[100][101] Commercially cultivated Asian cuisine[102]
File:Oyster mushoom fells.jpg File:Pleurotus ostreatus 2.jpg Pleurotus ostreatus Oyster mushroom Up to 30 cm wide;Template:Sfn resembles toxic speciesTemplate:Sfn Widespread in temperate and subtropical areasTemplate:Sfn Commercially cultivated at an industrial scale[103] ChoiceTemplate:Sfn but resembles inedible Lentinellus speciesTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
File:Pseudohydnum gelatinosum Abernethy Forest.jpg File:Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.) P. Karst 269653.jpg Pseudohydnum gelatinosum Toothed jelly fungus Up to 7 cm wide and tallTemplate:Sfn Eurasia[104] Harvested wild EdibleTemplate:Sfn
File:Grote sponszwam (Sparassis crispa). 09-11-2023. (d.j.b).jpg File:Krause Glucke Sparassis crispa 8612.jpg Sparassis crispa Cauliflower mushroom Up to 24 cm acrossTemplate:Sfn EuropeTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Edible when young;[105] best slow-cookedTemplate:Sfn
File:Traeuschling Riesen (4).JPG
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:2017-04-18 Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill 738722.jpg Stropharia rugosoannulata Wine cap Up to 30 cm wide[106] North AmericaTemplate:Sfn Commercially cultivated ChoiceTemplate:Sfn
File:2025-10-15 D500-1045 Achim-Lammerts Suillus-bovinus.jpg File:Suillus.bovinus2.-.lindsey.jpg Suillus bovinus Bovine bolete Up to 10 cm wide[107] Eurasia,[108] South Africa,[109] North America,[110] and Australasia[111] Harvested wild Edible[112]
File:Suillus brevipes 98931.jpg File:Suillus brevipes 44419.jpg Suillus brevipes Short-stemmed slippery Jack Up to 10 cm wideTemplate:Sfn North AmericaTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild EdibleTemplate:Sfn
File:Slippery Jack (2043726672).jpg File:Slippery Jack (2043715922).jpg Suillus decipiens Yellowish cap, up to 7 cm wide; yellow tubesTemplate:Sfn Southeastern North AmericaTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild EdibleTemplate:Sfn
File:Suillus granulatus (29066980873).jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:2007-07-03 Suillus granulatus Hutunterseite.jpg Suillus granulatus Weeping bolete, granulated bolete Brownish cap, up to 12 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Northern Hemisphere with pines[113] Harvested wild EdibleTemplate:Sfn
File:Suill.grev.jpg File:Suillus grevillei G2.jpg Suillus grevillei Tamarack jackTemplate:Sfn Orangish cap, up to 10 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Eurasia and North America under larchTemplate:Sfn[114]Template:Sfn Harvested wild Edible cooked, with the cap cuticle removedTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
File:Suillus luteus 269479.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Suillus luteus 113280.jpg Suillus luteus Slippery jack Brownish cap, up to 10 cm or more wide[115] Northern Hemisphere[116] Harvested wild Edible with the cap cuticle removed;Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn allergenic for some[117]
File:Painted Suillus.jpg
File:Suillus spraguei 58269.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Suillus spraguei Painted suillus Yellow cap with reddish scales; up to 12 cm wide[118][119] Eurasia and North America[120] Harvested wild EdibleTemplate:Sfn
File:Suillis tomentosus (23822381566).jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:2008-09-02 Suillus tomentosus 41689.jpg Suillus tomentosus Woolly-capped suillus Up to 12 cm wideTemplate:Sfn North AmericaTemplate:Sfn Harvested wild Can cause gastric upsetTemplate:Sfn
File:Tremella fuciformis 337510.jpg File:2011-08-09 Tremella fuciformis Berk 200941.jpg Tremella fuciformis White jelly mushroom Up to 7 cm across[121] Widespread in tropical areas[121] Commercially cultivated Asian sweet dishes for texture[122]
File:W matutake4111.jpg File:2016-05-25 Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito & S. Imai) Singer 691538.jpg Tricholoma matsutake Script error: No such module "Lang". Up to 35 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Eurasia and northern North America in forestsTemplate:Sfn Commercially harvested[123] Prized in Japanese cuisine[124] but can resemble Inocybe pyriodora, a poisonous species with brown sporesTemplate:Sfn
File:Tricholoma portentosum35.JPG File:Tricholoma portentosum a1 (2).JPG Tricholoma portentosum Streaked tricholoma Up to 11 cm wide[125] Europe and North America, coniferous woodland[126] Harvested wild Edible but resembles poisonous relatives[126]
File:Tricholoma terreum G3.jpg File:Tricholoma terreum 343884895.jpg Tricholoma terreum Grey knight Up to 7 cm wide;Template:Sfn resembles a poisonous species[127] Europe and North AmericaTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Edible but can cause rhabdomyolysis if eaten in large quantities[128]
File:Black.summer.truffle.arp (cropped).jpg
File:Tuber aestivum Valnerina 014.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Tuber aestivum Summer truffle Up to 10 cm wide[129] France, Italy and Spain[129] Commercially harvested[129]
File:Tartufo marzuolo.jpg File:Tuber borchii.png Tuber borchii Bianchetto truffle Commercially cultivated (experimental)[130]
File:Truffe nature.JPG
File:Truffière des Grèzes 01.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Tuber melanosporum Black truffle Up to 10 cm wide[131] Europe[132] Commercially cultivated[133] Choice[133]
File:Ustilago maydis J1b.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Ustilago maydis 1.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Ustilago maydis Corn smut Pathogens of cereals Harvested wild Considered a delicacy in Mexico; used as fillings in quesadillas, tacos and soups[134]
File:Verpa bohemica1.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Verpa-bohemica-Xsection.jpg Verpa bohemica Wrinkled thimble-cap Up to 4 cm wide[135] North America and Eurasia[135][136] Edible cooked, initially only in small portions;[137] contains a toxin similar to gyromitrin[138]
File:Volvariella bombycina1.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Volvariella bombycina 240767.jpg Volvariella bombycina Silky rosegillTemplate:Sfn Pale cap, up to 20 cm wideTemplate:Sfn Widespread but uncommon[139] Commercially cultivated Edible[139]
File:Straw mushrooms.jpg
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		File:Strawmushroomsphoto.jpg Volvariella volvacea Paddy straw mushroom or straw mushroomTemplate:Sfn Can resemble death caps when immature,[140][141] when they are usually picked[142] Asia[143] Commercially cultivated[143] Edible with cautionTemplate:Sfn

Cultivation

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Mushroom and truffle production
2023, tonnesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "flag". 47,143,126
Template:JAP 462,158
Script error: No such module "flag". 302,390
Script error: No such module "flag". 240,400
Script error: No such module "flag". 205,000
World 50,010,109
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[144]

Mushroom cultivation has a long history, with over twenty species commercially cultivated. Mushrooms are cultivated in at least 60 countries.[145] A fraction of the many fungi consumed by humans are currently cultivated and sold commercially. Commercial cultivation is important ecologically, as there have been concerns of the depletion of larger fungi such as chanterelles in Europe, possibly because the group has grown popular yet remains a challenge to cultivate.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Some mushrooms, particularly mycorrhizal species, have not yet been successfully cultivated.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In 2023, world production of commercial mushrooms and recorded truffle collection reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization was 50 million tonnes, led by China with 94% of the total (table).

Safety concerns

Some wild species are toxic, or at least indigestible, when raw.[5] Failure to identify poisonous mushrooms and confusing them with edible ones has resulted in death.[5][6][7] Although in the 21st century primitive digital applications exist to aid with identification, these are unreliable and some inexperienced hunters relying upon them have been seriously poisoned.[146]

Deadly poisonous mushrooms that are frequently confused with edible mushrooms and responsible for many fatal poisonings include several species of the genus Amanita, particularly A. phalloides (the death cap). Some mushrooms that are edible for most people can cause allergic reactions in some individuals with no prior knowledge of an allergy; old or improperly stored specimens can go rancid quickly and cause food poisoning.[147] When eating any fungus for the first time, only a small quantity of one species should be consumed at a time, allowing for several hours to identify any potential allergic reaction.Template:Sfn Even normally edible species of mushrooms may be dangerous, as certain mushrooms growing in polluted locations can act as chemical-absorbers, accumulating pollutants and heavy metals, including arsenic and iron, sometimes in lethal concentrations.[148] On the other hand, cooking preparations may reduce the toxicity of certain slightly poisonous mushrooms (e.g. Morchellas) enough to be consumed.[96]

Additionally, several varieties of fungi are known and documented to contain psychedelic drugs—the so-called magic mushrooms—yet resemble perfectly edible, non-psychoactive species. While not necessarily lethal to consume, to the uninitiated, an accidentally induced psychedelic experience can run the gamut from benign to terrifying, even depressing or psychotic. The most commonly consumed for recreational psychoactive use are Amanita muscaria (the fly agaric) and Psilocybe cubensis, with the former containing alkaloids such as muscimol and the latter predominately psilocybin.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Both have the potential to induce in the user feelings of awe, wonder with nature, interesting visual hallucinations and inner peace (even in mild doses), but excessive or accidental consumption can create feelings of insanity, helplessness and fear, usually persisting for a few hours.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Template:Nutritional value

Nutrition

Boiled white mushrooms are 91% water, 5% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 0.3% fat (table). In a reference amount of Script error: No such module "convert"., boiled white mushrooms supply 28 calories of food energy and rich contents (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of riboflavin, niacin, and pantothenic acid, copper, and selenium (23-56% DV), with a moderate content of potassium (12% DV, table).

Vitamin D

The content of vitamin D is absent or low unless mushrooms are exposed to sunlight or purposely treated with artificial ultraviolet light, even after harvesting and being processed into dry powder.[149][150]

Name Chemical composition Structure
Vitamin D1 ergocalciferol with lumisterol, 1:1[151]
Vitamin D2 ergocalciferol (made from ergosterol) Note double bond at top center.
Vitamin D3 cholecalciferol (made from 7-Dehydrocholesterol in the skin). File:Cholecalciferol.svg

When exposed to UV light before or after harvest, mushrooms convert their large concentrations of ergosterol into vitamin D2.[149][150] This is similar to the reaction in humans, where vitamin D3 is synthesized after exposure to sunlight.

Testing showed an hour of UV light exposure before harvesting made a serving of mushrooms contain twice the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's daily recommendation of vitamin D. With 5 minutes of artificial UV light exposure after harvesting, a serving of mushrooms contained four times as much.[149] Analysis also demonstrated that natural sunlight produced vitamin D2.[150]

The form of vitamin D found in UV-irradiated mushrooms is ergocalciferol, or vitamin D2. This is not the same as cholecalciferol, called vitamin D3, which is produced by UV-irradiation of human or animal skin, fur, and feathers. Although vitamin D2 has vitamin-D activity in humans, and is widely used in food fortification and nutritional supplements, vitamin D3 is more commonly used in dairy and cereal products.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Research

A 2021 review of prospective studies found that eating mushrooms did not significantly affect risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.[152]

Uses

File:060725 vendedora de hongos guatemala.JPG
A vendor in Guatemala with a variety of mushrooms for sale

The accurate determination of and proper identification of a species is required to ensure its edibility and to safeguard against poisoning.[5][6][7]

History

The earliest evidence of consumption of mushrooms comes from 13,000-year-old archaeological sites in Chile.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Ötzi, the mummy of a man who lived between 3400 and 3100 BCE in Europe, was found with two types of mushroom in his belongings.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Ancient Romans and Greeks, particularly the upper classes, used mushrooms for culinary purposes. Food tasters were employed by Roman emperors to ensure that mushrooms were safe to eat.[153] The Forme of Cury, a 14th-century compilation of medieval English recipes, features a recipe of mushrooms and leeks cooked in broth.[154]

Culinary

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A minimal amount of water should be used to clean specimens, ideally in the field.Template:Sfn Only select species can be safely eaten raw.Template:Sfn

Cooking

File:Stuffed portabella mushrooms, June 2009.jpg
Stuffed mushrooms prepared using portobello mushrooms

Cooking mushrooms before consumption is often required, both to eliminate mycotoxins, including trace levels of toxic hydrazines, and also to improve palatability and texture.[9] Frying, roasting, baking, and microwaving are all used to prepare mushrooms. Cooking lowers the amount of water present in the food. Chitin, a structural polymer in the cell walls of mushrooms, does not break down until Script error: No such module "convert"., which is not reached in any normal cooking.[155][156] However, chitin connections may be broken down by cooking, allowing for easier digestion.[9]

Storage

File:Dried mushrooms.jpg
A collection of dried mushrooms

Mushrooms should be used as soon as possible, even if refrigerated (particularly Coprinus species).Template:Sfn Mushrooms can be frozen, but they freeze best when cooked first.Template:Sfn Those that do not require cooking can also be canned, dried, pickled, or salted.Template:Sfn

In traditional medicine

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Medicinal mushrooms are mushrooms or extracts from mushrooms that are thought to be treatments for diseases, yet remain unconfirmed in mainstream science and medicine, and so are not approved as drugs or medical treatments.[157] Such use of mushrooms therefore falls into the domain of traditional medicine[158] for which there is no direct high-quality clinical evidence of efficacy.[159][160] (Since about the mid-20th century, some compounds found in fungi have been developed scientifically for medicine, e.g. antibiotics.)[161][162][163]

Preliminary research on mushroom extracts has been conducted to determine if anti-disease properties exist, such as for polysaccharide-K[164] or lentinan.[165] Some extracts have widespread use in Japan, Korea and China, as potential adjuvants for radiation treatments and chemotherapy.[166][167]

See also

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References

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Sources

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External links

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