Durrani

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Template:Main other Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Main other The Durrānī (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".1), formerly known as Abdālī (Script error: No such module "Lang".), are one of the largest tribal confederation of Pashtuns.Template:Sfn Their traditional homeland is in southern Afghanistan (Loy Kandahar region), straddling into Toba Achakzai in Balochistan, Pakistan, but they are also settled in other parts of Afghanistan and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Ahmad Shah Durrani, who is considered the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan, belonged to the Abdali tribe. In 1747 after establishing the Durrani Empire based in Kandahar, he adopted the epithet Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "King, Pearl of Pearls," and changed the name of his Tareen Abdali tribe to "Durrani" after himself.[1][2]

Origins

File:Durrani prince tomb in kohat.jpg
Graveyard of 19th-century Durrani princes and princesses in Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The origins of the Durrani, formerly known as the Abdali, are unclear and there is no consensus among scholars.

Many scholars such as Georg Morgenstierne, Aydogdy Kurbanov, Charles Masson, Henry Walter Bellew, Joseph T. Arlinghaus and Yu. V. Gankovsky have suggested that the Durranis are descended from the Hephthalites.Template:Sfn The evidence for this includes the phonological similarity of the Hephthalites' endonym, Ebodalo, to the name Abdali. However, this theory has remained a matter of debate.Template:Sfn Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

History

Early history

The Abdalis were recorded to have been a Sheep herding nomadic tribe, According to some traditions, the Abdalis migrated to southern Afghanistan in early 15th century, probably migrating from Ghor.Template:Sfn One of the earliest mention of Abdalis is during the early 16th century, When Shah Abbas I bestowed supreme command of it to Sado, chief of the Popalzai tribe, With the title Mir-i Afāghina. According to Safavid sources, it suggests that there was some kind of political unity that have been established among Abdali tribes. This union was established to probably fight against rival tribes such as the Yusufzai, Muhammad and others. The Abdalis were successful at displacing these rival tribes with the aid of the Safavids.Template:Sfn some of the Abdali tribal confederation lived in east of Kandahar. By the 18th century, many Abdali tribes were displaced by the Ghalji tribe, they were forced to migrate to Mountains of Herat region. There they were able to take control of the region and established the Abdali principality of Herat. The Abdali tribal confederation increased in numbers, due to many other local tribes in Herat region joining the Abdali tribal confederation.Template:Sfn The principality was short lived as it was conquered by Nader Shah Afshar. Nader Shah recruited many Abdali tribesmen into his army. one of the Abdali tribal contingent commander was Ahmad Khan, the second son of Muhammad Zaman Khan chief of the Sadozai branch of Abdalis. Due to their service in the Afsharid army, Nader Shah rewarded the Abdalis by restoring their lands in Kandahar.Template:Sfn

Durrani Empire

File:Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani.jpg
Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772), founder of the Durrani Empire, belongs to Popalzai

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani established the Durrani Empire with its capital at Kandahar. He adopted the title Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "King, Pearl of Pearls," and changed the name of his tribe "Abdali" to "Durrani" after himself.

Ahmad Shah is now regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. Within a few years, he extended his control from Khorasan in the west to Kashmir and North India in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.[3]

Barakzai dynasty

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File:King Amanullah Khan.jpg
King Amanullah Khan (1919–1929), under whom Afghanistan gained independence over its foreign policy from the British Raj
File:Queen Soraya of Afghanistan.jpg
Queen Soraya Tarzi, wife of King Amanullah Khan

In 1823, Emir Dost Mohammad Khan, who belonged to the Barakzai tribe of Durranis, founded the Barakzai dynasty centered at Kabul.[4] Thereafter, his descendants ruled in direct succession until 1929 when King Amanullah Khan, under whom Afghanistan gained independence over its foreign policy from the British Raj, was forced to abdicate and his cousin Mohammed Nadir Shah was later elected king. The Barakzai dynasty ruled present-day Afghanistan until 1973 when Mohammed Zahir Shah, the last Barakzai king, was overthrown in a bloodless coup by his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan. The coup ended the Barakzai kingdom and established the Republic of Afghanistan (1973—1978).[5]

Contemporary period

File:Meetings of Presidents participated in Nowruz with Ali Khamenei - Tehran, Iran (cropped-Karzai).jpg
Hamid Karzai, former Afghan president (2001–2014) and leader of the Popalzai clan of Durranis

Contemporarily, the former Afghan president Hamid Karzai (2001–2014), like Ahmad Shah Durrani, also belongs to the Popalzai clan of Durranis.[6]

The current leader of the Taliban - Hibatullah Akhundzada is a member of Nurzai Panjpai.

Pashto dialect

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Although many are bilingual in Dari Persian, the Durrani of southern Afghanistan speak Southern Pashto, also known as "Kandahari Pashto", the "soft" dialect of Pashto. It is considered one of the most prestigious varieties of Pashto. This dialect retains archaic retroflex sibilants Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., which have merged into other phonemes in other dialects.[7] Southern Pashto also preserves the affricates Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., which have merged into Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". in some dialects.

The Tareen (Tarin) tribe is historically closely related to Durranis. Although most Tareens speak Southern Pashto, a small section of the Spin clan of Tareens living east of Quetta speaks the unique Wanetsi (Tareeno) dialect of Pashto, which is considered by some linguists to be distinctive enough to be classified as its own language. According to linguist Prods Oktor Skjaervo: "The Pashto area split into two dialect groups at a pre-literary period, represented today on the one hand by all the dialects of modern Pashto and on the other by Wanetsi and by archaic remains in other southeast dialects."[8]

Subtribes

Notables

Notes

  • <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^1 In Pashto, "Durrani" (Script error: No such module "Lang"., [durɑˈni]) is the plural form of the word. Its masculine singular is "Durranai" (Script error: No such module "Lang"., [durɑˈnay]), while its feminine singular is "Durraney" (Script error: No such module "Lang"., [durɑˈnəy]).

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

Template:Pashtun tribes Template:Authority control


ca:Durrani

  1. ↑ The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis, Aydogdu Kurbanov, Berlin, 2010, page 242.
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Taliban run-in highlights dangers for Afghan opposition leader Template:Webarchive. 6 November 2001.
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4. LINK
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