Dunam
Template:Short description Template:Refimprove Template:Use dmy dates A dunam (Ottoman Turkish, Arabic: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx), also known as a donum or dunum and as the old, Turkish, or Ottoman stremma,[1] was the Ottoman unit of area analogous in role (but not equal) to the Greek stremma or English acre, representing the amount of land that could be ploughed by a team of oxen in a day. The legal definition was "forty standard paces in length and breadth",[2] but its actual area varied considerably from place to place, from a little more than Script error: No such module "convert". in Ottoman Palestine to around Script error: No such module "convert". in Iraq.[3][4]
The unit is still in use in many areas previously ruled by the Ottomans, although the new or metric dunam has been redefined as exactly one decare (Script error: No such module "convert".), which is 1/10 hectare (1/10 × Script error: No such module "convert".), like the modern Greek royal stremma.[4]
History
The name dönüm, from the Ottoman Turkish Template:Translit (Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Gloss), appears to be a calque of the Byzantine Greek stremma and had the same size. It was likely adopted by the Ottomans from the Byzantines in Mysia-Bithynia.[5]
The Dictionary of Modern Greek defines the old Ottoman stremma as approximately Script error: No such module "convert".,[6] but Costas Lapavitsas used the value of Script error: No such module "convert". for the region of Naoussa in the early 20th century.[7]
Definition
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro
In Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Serbia the unit is called the dulum (дулум) or dunum (дунум). In Bosnia and Herzegovina a dunum (or dulum) equals Script error: No such module "convert".. In the region of Leskovac, south Serbia, one dulum is equal to Script error: No such module "convert".. In Albania it is called a dynym or dylym and is equal to Script error: No such module "convert"..[8]
Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, the decare (декар) is used, which is an SI unit, literally meaning 10 ares.
Cyprus
In Cyprus, a donum is Script error: No such module "val". or 14400 square feet.[9] In the Republic of Cyprus older Greek-Cypriots also still refer to the donum using the local Greek Cypriot dialect word σκάλες [skales], rather than the mainland Greek word stremma (equivalent to a decare). However, since 1986 officially Cyprus uses the square metre and the hectare.
A donum consists of 4 evleks, each of which consists of Script error: No such module "val". or 3.600 square feet.
Greece
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In Greece, the old dönüm is called a "Turkish stremma", while today, a stremma or "royal stremma" is exactly one decare, like the metric dönüm.[4]
Iraq
In Iraq, the dunam is Script error: No such module "convert"..[10]
Israel, Palestine and Turkey
In Israel, Palestine and Turkey, the dunam is Script error: No such module "convert"., which is 1 decare. From the Ottoman period and through the early years of the British Mandate for Palestine, the size of a dunam was Script error: No such module "convert"., but in 1928, the metric dunam of Script error: No such module "convert". was adopted, and this is still used today in Israel and Palestine.[11][12]
United Arab Emirates
The Dubai Statistics Center and Statistics Centre Abu Dhabi use the metric dunam (spelt as donum) for data relating to agricultural land use.[13] One donum equals Script error: No such module "convert"..
Variations
Other countries using a dunam of some size include Libya and Syria.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Conversions
A metric dunam is equal to:Template:Fact
- 1,000 square metres (exactly)[13]
- 10 ares (exactly)
- 1 decare (exactly)
- 0.1 hectares (exactly)[13]
- 0.001 square kilometres (exactly)
- 0.247105381 acres (approx)
- 1,195.99005 square yards (approx)
- 10,763.9104 square feet (approx)
Comparable measures
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Byzantine Greek stremma was the probable source of the Turkish unit. The zeugarion (Turkish çift) was a similar unit derived from the area plowed by a team of oxen in a day. The English acre was originally similar to both units in principle, although it developed separately.Template:Fact
See also
- Orders of magnitude (area) for further comparisons
- Conversion of units
- Feddan, a similar non-SI unit of area used in Egypt, Sudan, and Syria
- Resm-i dönüm, a land tax based on the area of a farm
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ V.L. Ménage, Review of Speros Vryonis, Jr. The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the process of islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century, Berkeley, 1971; in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 36:3 (1973), pp. 659–661. at JSTOR (subscription required)
- ↑ Cowan, J. Milton; Arabic-English Dictionary, The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (4th Edition, Spoken Languages Services, Inc.; 1994; p. 351)
- ↑ a b c Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής (Dictionary of Modern Greek), Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, Θεσσαλονίκη, 1998. Template:ISBN
- ↑ Ménage, op.cit.
- ↑ Λεξικό, 1998
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Department of Lands and Surveys web site http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/dlsScript error: No such module "Unsubst". (retrieved April 2014)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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