Duke of Aquitaine

File:France 1154-en.svg

Map of France in 1154

The duke of Aquitaine (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, ) was the ruler of the medieval region of Aquitaine (not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine) under the supremacy of Frankish, English, and later French kings.

As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom (418–721), Aquitania (Aquitaine) and Languedoc (Toulouse) inherited both Visigothic law and Roman Law, which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century. Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified in 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653, women could inherit land and titles and manage their holdings independently from their husbands or male relations, dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs, represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14, and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20. As a consequence, male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility.

Coronation

Template:Template other The Merovingian kings and dukes of Aquitaine used Toulouse as their capital. The Carolingian kings used different capitals situated farther north. In 765, Pepin the Short bestowed the captured golden banner of the Aquitainian duke, Waiffre, on the Abbey of Saint Martial in Limoges. Pepin I of Aquitaine was buried in Poitiers. Charles the Child was crowned at Limoges and buried at Bourges. When Aquitaine briefly asserted its independence after the death of Charles the Fat, it was Ranulf II of Poitou who took the royal title. In the late tenth century, Louis the Indolent was crowned at Brioude.

The Aquitainian ducal coronation procedure is preserved in a late twelfth-century ordo (formula) from Saint-Étienne in Limoges, based on an earlier Romano-German ordo. In the early thirteenth century a commentary was added to this ordo, which emphasised Limoges as the capital of Aquitaine. The ordo indicated that the duke received a silk mantle, coronet, banner, sword, spurs, and the ring of Saint Valerie.

Visigothic dukes

• Suatrius (flor. 493), captured by Clovis I during the First Franco-Visigothic War.

Dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kings

Template:Template other Merovingian kings are in boldface.

• Chram (555–560)
• Desiderius (583–587, jointly with Bladast)
• Bladast (583–587, jointly with Desiderius)
• Gundoald (584/585)
• Austrovald (587–589)
• Sereus (589–592)
• Chlothar II (592–629)
• Charibert II (629–632)
• Chilperic (632)
• Boggis (632–660)
• Felix (660–670)
• Lupus I (670–676)
• Odo the Great (688–735), his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, or 715, unclear parentage
• Hunald I (735–745), son of Odo the Great, abdicated to a monastery
• Waifer (745–768), son of Hunald I
• Hunald II (768–769), probably son of Waifer
• Lupo II (768–781), Duke of Gascony, opposed Charlemagne's rule and Hunald's relatives.

Restored dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kings

The Carolingian kings again appointed Dukes of Aquitaine, first in 852, and again since 866. Later, this duchy was also called Guyenne.

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids)

Name	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death	King of the Franks (reign)
Ranulph I 852Template:Efn – 866	820	Adeltrude of Maine 3 children	866	Charles the Bald 843–877)
Ranulph IITemplate:Efn 887 – 890	850	N/A	5 August 890	Charles the Fat (881–888) Odo (888–898)

House of Auvergne

The following were also Count of Auvergne.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Death	King of the Franks
William I the Pious (893–918)	File:Guillpieux.jpg	22 March 875		Odo (888–898) Charles the Simple (898–922) Charles the Simple (898–922) Robert I (922–923) Rudolph (923–936)
William II the YoungerTemplate:Efn (918–926)			12 December 926
AcfredTemplate:Efn (926–927)			927

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (927–932)

• Ebalus the Bastard (also called Manzer) (927–932)), illegitimate son of Ranulph II and distant cousin of Acfred, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.

House of Rouergue

• Raymond I Pons (932–936)
• Raymond II (936–955)

House of Capet

• Hugh the Great (955–962)

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (962–1152)

• William III Towhead (962–963), son of Ebalus, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.
• William IV Iron Arm (963–995), son of William III, also Count of Poitiers.
• William V the Great (995–1030), son of William IV, also Count of Poitiers.
• William VI the Fat (1030–1038), first son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
• Odo (1038–1039), second son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
• William VII the Eagle (1039–1058), third son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
• William VIII (1058–1086), fourth son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
• William IX the Troubadour (or the Younger) (1086–1127), son of William VIII, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
• William X the Saint (1127–1137), son of William IX, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
• Eleanor of Aquitaine (1137–1204), daughter of William X, also Countess of Poitiers and Duchess of Gascony, married the kings of France and England in succession.
  • Louis the Younger (1137–1152), also King of France, duke in right of his wife.

File:Hommage d Édouard Ier à Philippe le Bel.jpg

Homage of Edward I of England (kneeling) to Philip IV of France (seated), by Jean Fouquet. As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king

From 1152, the Duchy of Aquitaine was held by the Plantagenets, who also ruled England as independent monarchs and held other territories in France by separate inheritance (see Plantagenet Empire). The Plantagenets were often more powerful than the kings of France, and their reluctance to do homage to the kings of France for their lands in France was one of the major sources of conflict in medieval Western Europe.

House of Plantagenet

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death	King of France
Henry ITemplate:Efn Henry Curtmantle 18 May 1152Template:Efn – June 1172 ()	Henry II	Royal Arms of England (1154–1189)	5 March 1133 Le Mans Son of Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou and Matilda	Eleanor of Aquitaine Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152 8 children	6 July 1189 Chinon Aged 56Template:Efn	Louis VII (1137–1180)
						Philip II (1180–1223)
Richard ITemplate:Efn Richard the Lionheart June 1172Template:Efn – 6 April 1199 ()	Richard the Lionheart, an illustration from a 12th-century codex	File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg 1198–1340	8 September 1157 Beaumont Palace Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	Berengaria of Navarre Limassol 12 May 1191 No children	6 April 1199 Châlus Shot by a quarrel aged 41Template:Efn
JohnTemplate:Efn John Lackland 27 May 1199Template:Efn – 19 October 1216 (Template:Age in years and days)	King John		24 December 1166 Beaumont Palace Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	(1) Isabel of Gloucester Marlborough Castle 29 August 1189 No children (2) Isabella of Angoulême Bordeaux Cathedral 24 August 1200 5 children	19 October 1216 Newark-on-Trent Aged 49Template:Efn
Henry II Henry III of England 28 October 1216Template:Efn – 16 November 1272 (Template:Age in years and days)	Henry III		1 October 1207 Winchester Castle Son of John and Isabella of Angoulême	Eleanor of Provence Canterbury Cathedral 14 January 1236 5 children	16 November 1272 Westminster Palace Aged 65
						Louis VIII (1223–1226)
						Louis IX (1226–1270)
						Philip III "the Bold" (1270–1285)
Edward I Edward Longshanks 20 November 1272Template:Efn – 7 July 1307 (Template:Age in years and days)	Edward I of England		17 June 1239 Palace of Westminster Son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence	(1) Eleanor of Castile Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas 18 October 1254 16 children (2) Margaret of France Canterbury Cathedral 10 September 1299 3 children	7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands Aged 68
						Philip IV the Fair (1285–1314)
Edward II Edward of Caernarfon 8 July 1307Template:Efn – 1325Template:Efn (Template:Age in years and days)	File:Edward II, King of England (Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson C 292, folio 105r).jpg		25 April 1284 Caernarfon Castle Son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile	Isabella of France Boulogne Cathedral 24 January 1308 4 children	21 September 1327 Berkeley Castle Murdered aged 43Template:Efn
						Louis X "the Quarreller" (1314–1316)
						John I "the Posthumous" (4 days in 1316)
						Philip V "the Tall" (1316–1322)
						Charles IV "the Fair" (1322–1328)
Edward III Edward of Windsor 1325Template:Efn – 24 October 1360Template:Efn (Template:Age in years and days)	File:Edward III of England (Order of the Garter).jpg		13 November 1312 Windsor Castle Son of Edward II and Isabella of France	Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children	21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64
		File:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg 1340–1360, from 1369				Philip VI "the Fortunate" (1328–1350)Template:Efn
		File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg 1360–1369				John II "the Good" (1350–1364)Template:Efn

Plantagenet rulers of Aquitaine

In 1337, King Philip VI of France reclaimed the fief of Aquitaine from Edward III, King of England.Template:Sfn Edward in turn claimed the title of King of France, by right of his descent from his maternal grandfather King Philip IV of France. This triggered the Hundred Years' War, in which both the Plantagenets and the House of Valois claimed supremacy over Aquitaine.

Name	Portrait Template:Yesno	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death
Edward III Edward of Windsor 1337–1360	File:Edward III of England (Order of the Garter).jpg	File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg Until 1340, 1360–1369 File:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg 1340–1360, from 1369	13 November 1312 Windsor Castle Son of Edward II and Isabella of France	Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children	21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64

Lord of Aquitaine (1360–1369)

In 1360, both sides signed the Treaty of Brétigny, in which Edward renounced the French crown but remained sovereign Lord of Aquitaine (rather than merely duke).Template:Sfn However, when the treaty was broken in 1369, both these English claims and the war resumed.

Name	Portrait Template:Yesno	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death
Edward III Edward of Windsor 1337–1360	File:Edward III of England (Order of the Garter).jpg	File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg 1360–1369	13 November 1312 Windsor Castle Son of Edward II and Isabella of France	Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children	21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64

Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony (1362–1372)

In 1362, King Edward III, as Lord of Aquitaine, made his eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales, Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony.

Name	Portrait Template:Yesno	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death
Edward, Prince of Wales 19 July 1362 – 6 October 1372 Template:Age in years and days	File:Edward III Black Prince 14thc.jpg	File:Arms of the Prince of Wales (Ancient).svg	15 June 1330 Woodstock Palace Son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault 2 children	Joan of Kent 1361	8 June 1376 Westminster Palace Aged 45

On 6 October 1372, Prince Edward (who had returned to England the previous year) resigned the Principality of Aquitaine and Gascony, stating that the revenues he earned from Aquitaine were no longer sufficient to cover his expenses. Thus, King Edward III, his father, resumed his title as Duke of Aquitaine.

Duke of Aquitaine (1372–1453)

Name	Portrait Template:Yesno	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death
Edward III Edward of Windsor 1372 – 21 June 1377 (5 years)	File:Edward III of England (Order of the Garter).jpg	File:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg From 1369	13 November 1312 Windsor Castle Son of Edward II and Isabella of France	Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children	21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64
Richard II Richard of Bordeaux 22 June 1377Template:Efn – 1390 (13 years)	File:The Westminster Portrait of Richard II of England (1390s).jpg		6 January 1367 Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux Son of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent	(1) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 Westminster Abbey No children (2) Isabella of Valois Church of St. Nicholas, Calais 4 November 1396 No children	14 February 1400 Pontefract Castle Aged 33
John II John of GauntTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn 1390 – 1399 9 years	John of Gaunt	File:Arms of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster.svg	6 March 1340 Ghent son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault	Blanche of Lancaster 19 May 1359 – 12 September 1368 8 children Constance of Castile 21 September 1371 – 24 March 1394 2 children Katherine Swynford 13 January 1396 4 children	3 February 1399 Leicester Castle aged 58
Richard IITemplate:Efn Richard of Bordeaux 3 February – 30 September 1399 (Template:Age in years and days)	File:The Westminster Portrait of Richard II of England (1390s).jpg	File:Royal Arms of England (1395-1399).svg 1395–1399	6 January 1367 Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux Son of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent	(1) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 Westminster Abbey No children (2) Isabella of Valois Church of St. Nicholas, Calais 4 November 1396 No children	14 February 1400 Pontefract Castle Aged 33
Henry III of Aquitaine Henry IV of England 30 September 1399Template:Efn – c. 1400	Henry IV	File:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg until 1406	c. April 1367 Bolingbroke Castle Son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster	(1) Mary de Bohun Arundel Castle 27 July 1380 6 children (2) Joanna of Navarre Winchester Cathedral 7 February 1403 No children	20 March 1413 Westminster Abbey Aged 45
Henry IV of Aquitaine Henry of MonmouthTemplate:Efn c. 1400 – 31 August 1422 (22 years)	Henry V	File:Arms of the Prince of Wales (Ancient).svg until 1406 File:Arms of the Prince of Wales (Modern).svg 1406–1413 File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg from 1413	16 September 1386 Monmouth Castle Son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun	Catherine of Valois Troyes Cathedral 2 June 1420 1 son	31 August 1422 Château de Vincennes Aged 35
Henry VI 1 September 1422Template:Efn – 1453Template:Efn (31 years)	Henry VI	File:Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg	6 December 1421 Windsor Castle Son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois	Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son	21 May 1471 Tower of London Allegedly murdered aged 49
Duchy of Aquitaine annexed into the Kingdom of France, title abolished

Valois and Bourbon dukes of Aquitaine

Template:Template other The Valois kings of France, claiming supremacy over Aquitaine, granted the title of duke to their heirs, the Dauphins.

• John II (1345–1350), son of Philip VI of France, acceded in 1350 as King of France.
• Charles, Dauphin of France, Duke of Guyenne (1392?–1401), son of Charles VI of France, Dauphin.
• Louis (1401–1415), son of Charles VI of France, Dauphin.

With the end of the Hundred Years' War, Aquitaine returned under direct rule of the king of France and remained in the possession of the king. Only occasionally was the duchy or the title of duke granted to another member of the dynasty.

• Charles, Duc de Berry (1469–1472), son of Charles VII of France.
• Xavier (1753–1754), second son of Louis, Dauphin of France.

The Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia, son of Alfonso XIII of Spain, was one of the Legitimist pretenders to the French throne. In 1972, he conferred the hereditary title of Duke of Aquitaine on his son, Gonzalo, who died in 2000 without legitimate progeny.

Family tree

File:AquitaineDukes.png

See also

• List of Aquitainian consorts

References

Bibliography

• .
• .

Attribution

• Template:DNB