Door County, Wisconsin

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Door County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. Its population was 30,066 at the 2020 census.[1] Its county seat and largest city is Sturgeon Bay.[2]

Door County is named after the strait between the Door Peninsula and Washington Island. This dangerous passage, known as Death's Door, contains shipwrecks and was known to Native Americans and early French explorers. The county was created in 1851 and organized in 1861.[3]

Nicknamed the "Cape Cod of the Midwest," Door County is a popular Upper Midwest vacation destination. Tourism is a major contributor to Door County's economy. It is Wisconsin's forty-fourth largest county in population, but it is the eighth largest in terms of economic impact from tourism (over $600 million in 2023).[4] The county is considered a high-recreation retirement destination by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.[5]

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History

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Native Americans and French

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". Door County's name came from Porte des Morts ("Death's Door"), the passage between the tip of Door Peninsula and Washington Island.[6] The name "Death's Door" came from Native American tales, heard by early French explorers and published in greatly embellished form by Hjalmar Holand, which described a failed raid by the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) tribe to capture Washington Island from the rival Potawatomi tribe in the early 1600s. It has become associated with shipwrecks within the passage.[7] The earliest known written reference to the legend is from Template:Ill, who termed the peninsula "Cap a la Mort" in 1728.[8]

Development

File:The Pioneer Cemetery at Peninsula State Park..jpg
Graves of Increase Claflin and family

The 19th and 20th centuries saw the immigration and settlement of pioneers, mariners, fishermen, loggers, and farmers. The first white settler was Increase Claflin.[9] In 1851, Door County was separated from what had been Brown County.[10] In 1853, Moravians founded Ephraim after Nils Otto Tank resisted attempts at land ownership reform at the old religious colony near Green Bay.[11] An African-American community and congregation worshiping at West Harbor on Washington Island was described in 1854.[12] Also in 1854 the first post office in the county opened, on Washington Island.[13] In the 19th century, a fairly large-scale immigration of Belgian Walloons populated a small region in the southern portion of the county,[14] including the area designated as the Namur Historic District. They built small roadside votive chapels, some still in use today,[15] and brought other traditions over from Europe such as the Kermiss harvest festival.[16]

Shortly after the 1831 Treaty of Washington,[17] the federal government surveyed what is now Door County to determine the value of the timber and to divide up parcels for eventual sale.[18][19] Following the treaty, land in what is now the county was sold or granted to private citizens.[20]

At the time the Homestead Act of 1862 was passed, most of the county's nearly 2,000 farmers were squatters earning most of their revenue from lumber and wood products. The remaining portion of the population consisted of about 1,000 fishermen and their families. Out of the total population of 2,948 people, 170 fought in the Civil War.[21]

File:Excursion party on Sailor Boy.jpg
Excursion party on the Sailor Boy; postmarked 1906 in Sturgeon Bay. The Sailor Boy and other small steamboats stopped at Menominee to take on rail passengers. Since rail service was faster, tourists from Chicago would first take a northbound train in order to board steamboats bound for resort communities.[22]

When the 1871 Peshtigo fire burned the town of Williamsonville, fifty-nine people were killed. The area of this disaster is now Tornado Memorial County Park, named for a fire whirl which occurred there.[23][24][25] Altogether, 128 people in the county perished in the Peshtigo fire.[10][11]

In 1885 or 1886, what is now the Coast Guard Station was established at Sturgeon Bay.[26][27] The small, seasonally open station on Washington Island was established in 1902.[28]

Tourism

File:Cedar Glen, one of themany free tourists' camp sites in Peninsula State Park, Door County,... (NBY 562).jpg
This 1924 postcard produced by Curt Teich & Company reads, "Cedar Glen, one of the many free tourists' camp sites in Peninsula State Park, Door County Wisconsin."

Even after the Ahnapee and Western extended service to Sturgeon Bay in 1894, many tourists continued taking the railroad to Menominee, MichiganTemplate:Efn to embark on steamships bound for communities in Door County. This route over Green Bay bypassed poor road conditions in the northern part of the county, which persisted until the early 1920s. Only after crushed stone highways were built did motor and horse-drawn coaches become popular for transportation between Sturgeon Bay and the northern part of the peninsula.[29][10] By 1909 at least 1,000 tourists visited per year,[30] a figure which grew to about 125,000 in 1920,[31] 1 million in 1969,[32] 1.25 million in 1978,[33] and 1.9 million in 1995.[34]

In 1913, The Old Rugged Cross was first sung at the Friends Church in Sturgeon Bay as a duet by two traveling preachers.[35]

In 2004, the county began a sister cities relationship with Jingdezhen in southeastern China.[36]

Geography

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The county covers the majority of the Door Peninsula. With the completion of the Sturgeon Bay Shipping Canal in 1881,[39] the northern half of the peninsula became an artificial island.[40] This canal is believed to have somehow "caused a wonderful increase in the quantity of fish" in nearby waters[41] and also caused a reduction in the sturgeon population in the bay due to changes in the aquatic habitat.[42] The 45th parallel north bisects the "island", and this is commemorated by Meridian County Park.[43][44]

Climate

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The county has a humid continental climate (classified as Dfb in Köppen) with warm summers and cold snowy winters. Data from the Peninsular Agricultural Research Station north of the city of Sturgeon Bay gives average monthly temperatures ranging from Script error: No such module "convert". in the summer down to Script error: No such module "convert". in the winter. The moderating effects of nearby bodies of water reduce the likelihood of damaging late spring freezes. Late spring freezes are less likely to occur than in nearby areas, and when they do occur, they tend not to be as severe.[45]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Template:Sronly%±
18602,948—
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188011,645Script error: No such module "String".%
189015,082Script error: No such module "String".%
190017,583Script error: No such module "String".%
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192019,073Script error: No such module "String".%
193018,182Script error: No such module "String".%
194019,095Script error: No such module "String".%
195020,870Script error: No such module "String".%
196020,685Script error: No such module "String".%
197020,106Script error: No such module "String".%
198025,029Script error: No such module "String".%
199025,690Script error: No such module "String".%
200027,961Script error: No such module "String".%
201027,785Script error: No such module "String".%
202030,066Script error: No such module "String".%
2024 (est.)30,512[46]Script error: No such module "String".%
U.S. Decennial Census[47]
1790–1960[48] 1900–1990[49]
1990–2000[50] 2010[51] 2020[1]

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Population structures,
1930–2010
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2020 census

As of the census of 2020,[52] the population was 30,066. The population density was Script error: No such module "convert".. There were 23,738 housing units at an average density of Script error: No such module "convert".. The racial makeup of the county was 92.3% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 1.6% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 3.8% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 census

As of the 2000 census,[53] there were 27,961 people, 11,828 households, and 7,995 families residing in the county. The population density was Script error: No such module "convert"..[54] There were 19,587 housing units at an average density of Script error: No such module "convert".. The racial makeup of the county was 97.84% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. 0.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 39.4% were of German and 10.3% Belgian ancestry. A small pocket of Walloon speakers forms the only Walloon-language region outside of Wallonia and its immediate neighbors.[55][56]

Out of a total of 11,828 households, 58.10% were married couples living together, 6.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 28.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.84.[57]

For every 100 females there were 97.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.50 males. 22.10% of the population was under the age of 18,[58] a decrease from 25.9% being under the age of 18 in the 1990 census.[59]) Additionally, 6.10% were aged from 18 to 24, 25.40% from 25 to 44, and 27.70% from 45 to 64.[58]

File:Stella Maris Catholic Parish.jpg
The Jacksonport site of Stella Maris Catholic Parish, a six-point parish in the northern part of the county[60]

Crime

In 2020, there were 208 felony cases prosecuted by the county,[61] up from 195 cases in 2019 and 171 in 2018. No trials were held concerning any of the felony cases in 2020.[61] In 2019, 3 cases went to trial, down from 6 in 2018.[62]

The county has been a focus of sex-trafficking enforcement efforts.[63] From 2015 to 2020 there were no reports of sex-trafficking in the county.[64]

In 2014, the voluntary intoxication defense in Wisconsin was repealed due to outcry following its use during a trial in Door County. Initially the trial ended with a hung jury but a retrial resulted in a conviction.[65][66]

Economy

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Door County's economy is considered a "forestry-related tourism"-based economy.[67] In 2020, the total gross domestic product (GDP) of the county was $1.39 billion, with the $274 million manufacturing industry overtaking real estate and rental and leasing that year to become the leading industry in the county at 19.7% of the overall GDP.[68]

In Sturgeon Bay, industrial tourism includes tours of the Bay Shipbuilding Company,[69] CenterPointe Yacht Services[70][71] and other manufacturers.[72]

Arts and culture

File:Winter Road - Shivering Sands, Door Peninsula (32151198956).jpg
Road in Shivering Sands wetland complex, January 1

Most tourists and summer residents in Door County come from the metropolitan areas of Chicago, Madison, Milwaukee, and Minneapolis–Saint Paul.[73] Illinois residents are the dominant group in Door County and farther south along Lake Michigan.[74]

Parks and recreation

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File:Potawatomi Tower View.jpg
View in August from the Potawatomi State Park Observation Tower

Door County is home to six state parks:[75][76] Newport State Park, Peninsula State Park, Potawatomi State Park, Whitefish Dunes State Park, Rock Island State Park, and Grand Traverse Island State Park. There are four State Wildlife and Fishery AreasTemplate:Efn and also State Natural Areas that allow free public access.[77]Template:Efn Additionally, Plum Island and Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge are seasonally open for public recreation.[78]

Besides Lake Michigan and Green Bay, there are 26 lakes, ponds, or marshes and 37 rivers, creeks, streams, and springs in the county.[79] The two deepest lakes, Mackaysee Lake at Script error: No such module "convert". and Krause Lake at Script error: No such module "convert". are on Chambers Island.[80]

Flora and fauna

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Living plant collections include the orchid project at The Ridges Sanctuary[81] in Baileys Harbor and the U.S. Potato Genebank and a public garden in Sevastopol.[82][83]

Tamias striatus doorsiensis, a subspecies of eastern chipmunk, is only found in Door, Kewaunee, Northeastern Brown, and possibly Manitowoc counties.[84] In 1999, the Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory listed 24 aquatic and 21 terrestrial animals in Door County as "rare."[85]

since 2018Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., 166 species of birds have been confirmed to live in Door County, excluding birds seen which lack the habitat to nest and must only be passing through.[86]

Kangaroo Lake State Natural Area has the largest breeding population of the endangered Hine's Emerald Dragonfly in the world.[87] The Lake Huron locust lives on dunes in the county and is not found anywhere else in the state.[88]

Lighthouses and historic sites

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File:Washington Island Stavkirke chancel.jpg
Chancel and altarpiece inside the stave church on Washington Island

Including both Lake Michigan and Green Bay shorelines, there are 50 total lights and lighthouses, besides lighted buoys.[89] Out of these, there are 10 historically significant lighthouse structures and sets of lights still serving as navigational lights. Most of them were built during the 19th century and are listed in the National Register of Historic Places: Baileys Harbor Range Lights, Cana Island Lighthouse,[90] Chambers Island Lighthouse, Eagle Bluff Lighthouse, Pilot Island Lighthouse, Plum Island Range Lights,[91] Pottawatomie Lighthouse, and Sturgeon Bay Canal Lighthouse. Other functioning historic lighthouses in the county include the Sherwood Point Lighthouse and the Sturgeon Bay Canal North Pierhead Light.[92] The Boyer Bluff Light is mounted on an 80-foot skeletal tower.[93] In addition, the Baileys Harbor Light is a non-functioning 19th century lighthouse.[92]

Thirteen historical sites are marked in the state maritime trail for the area[94] in addition to nine roadside historical markers.[95] In Sturgeon Bay, the tugboat John Purves is operated as a museum ship. Including lighthouses, the county has 72 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are 214 known confirmed and unconfirmed shipwrecks listed for the county,[96] including the SS Australasia, Christina Nilsson, Fleetwing, SS Frank O'Connor, Grape Shot, Green Bay, Hanover, Iris, SS Joys, SS Lakeland, Meridian, Ocean Wave, and Success. The SS Louisiana sank during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913.[97] Some shipwrecks are used for wreck diving.[98]

Scandinavian heritage-related attractions include The Clearing Folk School, two stave churches,[99] structures in Rock Island State Park furnished with rune-inscribed furniture,[100] and Al Johnson's Swedish Restaurant, which features goats on its grassy roof. In Ephraim, the Village Hall, the Moravian and Lutheran churches, and the Peter Peterson House are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, as is the L. A. Larson & Co. Store building in Sturgeon Bay. Although fish boils have been attributed to Scandinavian tradition,[101] several ethnicities present on the peninsula have traditions of boiling fish. The method common in the county is similar to that of Native Americans.[102]Template:Efn

Radio stations

Template:Door County Radio

Politics

The county has gained a reputation as a political bellwether, as it voted for the winning candidate in every presidential election from 1996 to 2020. Until 2024, Bill Clinton was the last candidate to win nationally without carrying Door County, in the 1992 presidential election. Donald Trump in the 2024 election also failed to win Door County, while winning statewide and nationally.[103][104]

In 2024, Kamala Harris became the first Democratic presidential nominee to win the county while losing the presidential election. Door County was one of only four counties in the state to swing towards Democrats in 2024, and voted for a Democrat who lost statewide for the first time. Template:PresHead Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresFoot

Transportation

Land

According to the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), in 2021 Door County had Script error: No such module "convert". of roadways.[105]

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The combined WIS 42/WIS 57 separates again at a junction in Sevastapol. Following this separation, WIS 42 continues along the western side of the peninsula and sees more traffic than WIS 57,[106] which continues along the eastern side. The two highways combine again at a junction in Liberty Grove.

There are five rustic roads in the county.[109] In addition to state-recognized rustic roads, Liberty Grove manages a heritage roads program. since 2019Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". there were 12 heritage roads in the town.[110]

There are Script error: No such module "convert".[61] of snowmobile trails,[111][112] which are opened as trails are groomed.[113]

Non-motorized

  • The Ahnapee State Trail connects Sturgeon Bay to Kewaunee, winter snowmobile access is dependent on weather and trail grooming.[114] Although the Ice Age Trail coincides with most of the Ahnapee State Trail, the Ice Age Trail forks away in the City of Sturgeon Bay and reaches its northern terminus at Potawatomi State Park.[115] Mountain bike trails are located in three of the state parks.[116][117]
  • WIS 42 and WIS 57 are part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour.[118]
  • Egg Harbor operates a free public bicycle-sharing system, limited to daylight hours within the village during the tourist season.[119]

Bridges across Sturgeon Bay

  • Sturgeon Bay Bridge (also called Michigan Street Bridge), truss structure, Scherzer-type, double-leaf, rolling-lift bascule with overhead counter-weights[120]
  • Oregon Street Bridge (reinforced concrete slab, rolling lift bascule girder with mechanical driven center locks)[121]
  • Bayview Bridge (monolithic concrete placed on structural deck with steel girder superstructure, open grating on deck, bascule)[122]

Ground transportation

A daily private shuttle service operates between Green Bay–Austin Straubel International Airport and Sturgeon Bay.[123] The nearest intercity bus stop with regular service is in Green Bay.[124] There are multiple private and public ground transportation services within the county, but none with regularly scheduled stops for the general public.[125][126]

Air

There are eleven airports in the county, including private or semi-public airports.

File:RobertNoble.jpg
Ferry Robert NobleTemplate:Efn serving Washington Island and Northport

Water

Ferries

  • Washington Island is served by two ferry routes operating between the Door Peninsula and Detroit Harbor. One route is a 30-minute ride on a freight, automobile, and passenger ferry that departs from the Northport Pier at the northern terminus of WIS 42. This ferry makes approximately 225,000 trips per year.[123] Another route is a 20- minute ride on a passenger-only ferry which departs from the unincorporated community of Gills Rock.[132]
  • Rock Island State Park is reachable by the passenger ferry Karfi from Washington Island.[133] During winter Rock Island is potentially accessible via snowmobile and foot traffic.
  • Although Chambers Island has no regularly scheduled ferry, there are boat operators which transport people to the island on call from Fish Creek.

Boat ramps and marinas

Communities

File:Travel Map of Door County Wisconsin.jpg
Towns in 1915; the borders remain the same today except for annexations by the City of Sturgeon Bay and the four villages.

Incorporated communities

City

Villages

Towns

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Unincorporated communities

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Census-designated places

Former communities

Absorbed into Sturgeon Bay

Sites used as parks

Adjacent counties

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By land

In Green Bay

Along the Rock Island Passage

In Lake Michigan

Notable people

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Gallery

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Explanatory notes

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References

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  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". and Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". See also the Table of Contents for the entire book.
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  54. ↑ Wisconsin: 2000 Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, November 2002, US Census Bureau, page 449 (page 462 of the pdf) (Archived January 19, 2022)
  55. ↑ A Forgotten Language Sparks A Love To Remember by Zac Schultz, December 24, 2015, Wisconsin Life, PBS.
  56. ↑ "Belgian-American Research Collection" Template:Webarchive, University of Wisconsin and Quantity-to-Quality Contrast Shift and Phonemic Merger in Wisconsin Walloon High Front Vowels by Kelly Biers and Ellen Osterhaus, Selected Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 9), ed. Kelly Biers and Joshua R. Brown, 11-19. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
  57. ↑ Wisconsin: 2000 Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, November 2002, US Census Bureau, page 267 (page 280 of the pdf) (Archived January 19, 2022)
  58. ↑ a b Wisconsin: 2000 Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, November 2002, US Census Bureau, pages 10–11 (pages 23–24 of the pdf)
  59. ↑ Table 1. Summary of General Characteristics of Persons: 1990, p. 20 of the pdf
  60. ↑ Stella Maris Parish website, About Us: Locations, accessed December 14, 2019
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  69. ↑ Wisconsin Life # 701: Headfirst, October 3, 2019, hosted by Angela Fitzgerald, PBS
  70. ↑ Duct Tape Guys Tour Palmer Johnson Yacht Company, Ultimate Originals television show pilot
  71. ↑ Public offered rare opportunity to tour Sturgeon Bay shipyards, Staff Report, April 25, 2019, Door County Advocate
  72. ↑ Industrial Park Opens for Manufacturing Days by Jim Lundstrom, Peninsula Pulse, October 13, 2017
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  76. ↑ Article posted Thursday, March 6, 2014 10:36am by Jim Lundstrom, Peninsula Pulse, March 6, 2014
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  78. ↑ Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge Hunt, Fish & Public Use Regulations 2021-2022, USFWS (Archived February 23, 2022)
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".; for the 26th lake, see Flora and Vegetation of the Grand Traverse Islands (Lake Michigan), Wisconsin and Michigan by Emmet J. Judziewicz, The Michigan Botanist, Volume 40, Number 4, October 2001, page 127
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  83. ↑ The Garden Door Fact Sheet by the Door County Master Gardeners Association, Accessed December 18, 2019
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  89. ↑ Light List, Volume VII: Great Lakes Template:Webarchive, United States Coast Guard, 33 of the lights are listed from pages 187–191 (pages 243–247 of the pdf); 17 of them are listed from pages 195–198 (pages 251–254 of the pdf), 2022
  90. ↑ Keeper Of The Light: A Modern Lighthouse Keeper by Patty Murray, September 25, 2017 Wisconsin Originals, PBS
  91. ↑ Women Learn Life Skills While Preserving Maritime Landmarks by Joel Waldinger, October 15, 2015, Wisconsin Life, PBS
  92. ↑ a b More Door County Lighthouses Template:Webarchive. Door County Maritime Museum and Wisconsin Coastal Lighthouses Tour electronic map, Wisconsin Coastal Management Program
  93. ↑ Boyer Bluff (Wisconsin), United States Lighthouse Society
  94. ↑ Maritime Trail video, July 15, 2011, Explore the Door, Door County Visitor Bureau and also see the Maritime trail markers for Door County listed by the Maritime Preservation Program of the Wisconsin Historical Society
  95. ↑ Official List of Wisconsin's State Historic Markers by the Wisconsin Historical Society, June 2019, and Wisconsin Historical Marker, electronic map, Wisconsin Historical Society
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  98. ↑ Guide to Door County Shore Dives by Chuck Larsen and Wisconsin's Door County Full of Treasures for Scuba Divers by Brian E. Clark, July 7, 2012, updated November 9, 2015, Twin Cities Pioneer Press
  99. ↑ The Björklunden stave church is called Boynton Chapel and it is just south of Baileys Harbor. The Washington Island Stavkirke is part of and adjacent to Trinity Lutheran Church on Washington Island.
  100. ↑ Whisked Away to Rock Island by Benson Gardner, Portal Wisconsin, 2010; the page links to a panoramic tour of the boathouse
  101. ↑ In The Upper Midwest, Summertime Means Fish Boils by Amanda Vinicky, The Salt, section on npr.org, August 18, 2015; also see Joy Marquardt. "Fish boils serve up food, fun". Wausau Daily Herald, August 31, 2016.
  102. ↑ Sagamité and Booya: French Influence in Defining Great Lakes Culinary Heritage by Janet C. Gilmore in Material History Review 60 (Fall 2004) and "Pretty Hungry For Fish": Fish Foodways Among Commercial Fishing People of the Western Shore of Lake Michigan's Green Bay by Janet C. Gilmore, in Midwestern folklore. v.28–29 2002–2003, p. 46 (page 158 of the pdf)
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". and Door County (South) Wisconsin Bicycle Map by the Wisconsin Bike Fed and the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, 2020
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Also see Map 3, Map 4, Map 5, and the electronic Lake Michigan State Water Trail map
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Maps of borders along county waters are available on the Selection Map at data.census.gov
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Uncovering Thomas Minar: A lifetime of achievement destroyed by consequences of hidden life by Isaac Gleitz, The Statehouse File, March 18, 2022
  149. ↑ Commemorative biographical record of the counties of Brown, Kewaunee and Door, Wisconsin, and containing biographical sketches of prominent and representative citizens, and of many of the early settled families, Chicago: J. H. Beers, 1895, page 494

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