Đông Sơn culture
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The Dong Son culture, Dongsonian culture,[1][2] or the Lạc Việt culture (named for modern village Đông Sơn, a village in Thanh Hóa, Vietnam) was a Bronze Age culture in ancient Vietnam centred at the Red River Valley of northern Vietnam from 1000 BC until the first century AD.[3]Template:Rp Vietnamese historians attribute the culture to the states of Văn Lang and Âu Lạc. Its influence spread to other parts of Southeast Asia, including Maritime Southeast Asia, from about 1000 BC to 1 BC.[4][5][6]
The Đông Sơn people were skilled at cultivating rice, keeping water buffalos and pigs, fishing and sailing in long dugout canoes. They also were skilled bronze casters, which is evidenced by the Dong Son drum found widely throughout northern Vietnam and Guangxi in China.[7]
To the south of the Đông Sơn culture was the Sa Huỳnh culture of the proto-Chams.
Identity
The Dongsonians spoke either Austroasiatic[8][9][10][11] or Northern Tai languages;[12] or were Austroasiatic-speakers with significant contact and admixture with Tai-speakers.Template:Sfn
Archaeogenetics have demonstrated that before the Đông Sơn period, the Red River Delta's inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic. Genetic data from Vietnam's Phùng Nguyên culture's Mán Bạc burial site demonstrated close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as the Khmer and Mlabri;[13][14] meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from Đông Sơn culture's Núi Nấp site showed affinity to "Dai from China, Tai-Kadai speakers from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the Kinh".[15] One study states that the majority of Dongsonians have cranial features characterized by narrow long faces, relatively flat glabellas and nasal roots and round orbits due to extensive admixture with their northern neighbors, including those from southern China.[16] Another study states that Núi Nấp populations have affinities with the Dushan and Baojianshan and that they can be modeled as a mixture of Dushan-related (~65%) and northern East Asian-related (~35%) ancestry.[17]
Ferlus (2009) showed that the inventions of pestle, oar, and a pan to cook sticky rice, which is the main characteristic of the Đông Sơn culture, correspond to the creation of new lexicons for these inventions in Northern Vietic (Việt–Mường) and Central Vietic (Cuoi-Toum).[18] The new vocabularies to denote these inventions were proven to be derivatives from original verbs rather than borrowed lexical items. The current distribution of Northern Vietic also correspond to the area of Đông Sơn culture. Thus, Ferlus conclude that the Dongsonian culture was of Vietic origin and they were the direct ancestors of modern Vietnamese people.[18]
Origins
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The origins of Đông Sơn culture may be traced back to ancient bronze castings. Scholars traditionally traced the origins of bronze-casting technology to China but during the 1970s archaeological discoveries in Isan, Thailand found that the casting of bronze either began in Southeast Asia first then spread into China, or that it developed the practise independently from China. The Đông Sơn bronze industry therefore has a local origin in Southeast Asia rather than being introduced by migrations out of China. The Gò Mun culture gave rise to the Đông Sơn culture; the Đông Sơn was the culmination of the Bronze Age and the opening stage of the Iron Age.[19]
The bronze drums were used for war, "the chief summons the warriors of the tribe by beating the drum", when mourning, and during feasts. "The scenes cast onto the drums would inform us that the Dong Son leaders had access to bronze founders of remarkable skill." Lost-wax casting was based on Chinese founders, but the scenes are local, including drummers and other musicians, warriors, rice processing, birds, deer, war vessels, and geometric designs.[3]Template:Rp
The bronze drums were made in significant proportions in northern Vietnam, Laos and parts of Yunnan. The Đông Sơn bronze drums exhibit "remarkable skill". The Cổ Loa drum weighs Script error: No such module "convert". and would have required the smelting of between Script error: No such module "convert". of copper ore.[3]Template:Rp
Displays of the Đông Sơn drum surface can be seen in some of Vietnam's cultural institutions.[20]
Some of Đông Sơn bronze daggers closely resemble Scytho-Siberian styles.[2]
See also
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References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b c Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., Template:ISBN
- ↑ Vietnam Tours Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Nola Cooke, Tana Li, James Anderson (2012). The Tongking Gulf Through History, p. 46. – "Nishimura actually suggested the Đông Sơn phase belonged in the late metal age, and some other Japanese scholars argued that, contrary to the conventional belief that the Han invasion ended Đông Sơn culture, Đông Sơn artifacts, ..."
- ↑ Vietnam Fine Arts Museum 2000 "... the bronze cylindrical jars, drums, Weapons and tools which were sophistically carved and belonged to the World famous Đông Sơn culture dating from thousands of years; the Sculptures in the round, the ornamental architectural Sculptures...."
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- ↑ Corny, Julien, et al. 2017. "Dental phenotypic shape variation supports a multiple dispersal model for anatomically modern humans in Southeast Asia." Journal of Human Evolution 112 (2017):41–56. cited in Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
- ↑ McColl et al. 2018. "Ancient Genomics Reveals Four Prehistoric Migration Waves into Southeast Asia". Preprint. Published in Science. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278374v1 cited in Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
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Bibliography
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External links
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