Erythronium

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Erythronium, the fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet or adder's tongue, is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family,[1][2][3][4][5] most closely related to tulips.[6] The name Erythronium derives from Ancient Greek Template:Wikt-lang (Template:Grc-tr) "red" in Greek, referring to the red flowers of E. dens-canis.[6] Of all the established species, most live in North America; only six species are found in Europe and Asia.

Taxonomy

It was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753[7][8] with Erythronium dens-canis L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". as the type species.[7]

Species

Erythronium includes about 20–30 species of hardy spring-flowering perennial plants with long, tooth-like bulbs. Slender stems carry pendent flowers with recurved tepals in shades of cream, yellow, pink and mauve. Species are native to forests and meadows in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.[9][10][11]

Image Species Common name Distribution
File:Erythronium albidum smith creek.jpg Erythronium albidum Nutt. small white fawn-lily, white fawn-lily, white trout-lily, tooth-lily Ontario, east-central United States (MN to CT south to TX, AL)
File:Bright yellow trout lily erythronium americanum nodding bloom with red stamen.jpg Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawl. trout-lily, yellow trout-lily, yellow adder's-tongue, yellow dogtooth violet Eastern Canada (Ontario to Labrador), Eastern United States (ME to GA, West to Mississippi River)
File:California fawn lily (Erythronium californicum)c (26967403487).jpg Erythronium californicum Purdy California fawn-lily Northern California
File:Kandyk kavkazskii 1.jpg Erythronium caucasicum Woronow Caucasian dog's tooth violet Caucasus, Iran
File:Erythronium citrinum.jpg Erythronium citrinum S. Wats. cream fawn-lily Oregon, Northern California
File:Erythronium dens-canis (39917014055).jpg Erythronium dens-canis L. dog's-tooth violet Southern, Central Europe from Portugal to Ukraine
Erythronium elegans Hammond & Chambers Coast Range fawn-lily Oregon
File:Erythronium grandiflorum 5077.JPG Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh dogtooth lily, glacier lily, yellow avalanche-lily, yellow fawn-lily western Canada, western United States
File:Erythronium helenae.jpg Erythronium helenae Applegate Pacific fawn-lily California (Sonoma, Napa, Lake Cos.)
File:Erythronium hendersonii emerging - Flickr - brewbooks.jpg Erythronium hendersonii S. Wats. Henderson's fawn-lily Oregon, Northern California
Erythronium howellii S. Wats. Howell's fawn-lily Oregon, Northern California
Erythronium idahoense H.St.John & G.N.Jones - Idaho fawn-lily Montana, Idaho, Washington state
File:仙元山のカタクリ.jpg Erythronium japonicum Decne. katakuri Japan, Korea, Russia (Kuril Islands, Sakhalin), China (Jilin, Liaoning)
File:Fawn lily cllrs.jpg Erythronium klamathense Applegate Klamath fawn-lily Oregon, Northern California
Erythronium krylovii Stepanov Tuvan trout-lily Russia (Tuva, Krasnoyarsk)
File:Erythronium mesochoreum bloom.jpg Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr midland fawn-lily, white fawn-lily Central United States (TX to NE, IN)
File:Avalanche Lily (c1f92f483eb44969b80c27577f433891).JPG Erythronium montanum S. Wats. avalanche lily, white avalanche-lily BC, Washington state, Oregon
File:J20170309-0006—Erythronium multiscapideum 'Cliftonii'—RPBG (32611414983).jpg Erythronium multiscapideum (Kellogg) A. Nels. & Kennedy Sierra fawn-lily California
File:Erythronium oregonum 5581.JPG Erythronium oregonum Applegate giant white fawn-lily BC, Washington, California, Oregon
Erythronium pluriflorum Shevock, Bartel & G.A.Allen manyflower fawn-lily Madera Co in California
File:Erythronium propullans.jpg Erythronium propullans Gray dwarf trout-lily Minnesota
File:Erythronium purpurascens 01.jpg Erythronium purpurascens S. Wats. purple fawn-lily California
File:Erythronium pusaterii (Kaweah Lakes fawnlily) (6734524353).jpg Erythronium pusaterii (Munz & J.T. Howell) Shevock, Bartel & G.A.Allen Kaweah Lakes fawn-lily Tulare Co in California
Erythronium quinaultense G.A.Allen Olympic fawn-lily Olympic Peninsula in Washington state
File:N20150319-0024—Erythronium revolutum—RPBG (16245943554).jpg Erythronium revolutum Sm. mahogany fawn-lily BC, Washington state, Oregon, California
File:Erythronium rostratum Arkansas.jpg Erythronium rostratum W.Wolf yellow trout-lily south-central United States
File:Erythronium sajanense IMG 0913.jpg Erythronium sajanense Stepanov & Stassova Krasnoyarsk in Russia
File:Цветение кандыка сибирского.jpg Erythronium sibiricum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Krylov Siberian fawn-lily Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia
File:Erythronium sulevii 31188317.jpg Erythronium sulevii (Rukšans) Stepanov Altay Krai in Russia
File:Erythronium taylorii jhaas lg.jpg Erythronium taylorii Shevock & G.A.Allen Taylor's fawn-lily Tuolumne Co California
File:Erythronium tuolumnense White Beauty. Locatie, Tuinreservaat Jonkervallei 02.jpg Erythronium tuolumnense Applegate Tuolumne fawn-lily Tuolumne Co in California
File:Trout lily pair square.jpg Erythronium umbilicatum Parks & Hardin dimpled trout-lily southeastern United States (Florida to Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland)

Formerly included

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Two species names were coined using the name Erythronium but have since been reclassified to other taxa.

Cultivation and uses

Erythroniums are widely grown as ornamental plants, with numerous hybrids and cultivars having been selected for garden use. Popular cultivars include Erythronium 'Pagoda', E. 'Sundisc', E. 'Joanna', E. 'Kondo', E. 'Citronella', E. californicum 'White Beauty', and E. 'Rosalind'. Propagation is best by seed in autumn or by division of bulbs, depending on species. Some species propagate vegetatively. The plant is also great as a ground cover, as it will spread over several years.

Erythroniums are woodland plants and require rich soil, full of organic matter. Soil should be evenly moist and slightly acidic. They prefer shade or filtered sunlight.[12]

The following cultivars, of mixed ancestry, have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

  • 'Apple Blossom' [13] (white with yellow centre)
  • 'Janice' [14] (pink)
  • 'Joanna' [15] (cream/pale yellow throat)
  • 'Pagoda' [16] (cream yellow)
  • 'Sundisc'[17] (yellow)
  • 'Wildside Seedling' [18] (white/yellow)

The bulb is edible as a root vegetable, cooked or dried, and can be ground into flour. The leaves can also be cooked as a leaf vegetable. In Japan, Erythronium japonicum is called katakuri, and the bulb is processed to produce starch, which is used for food and other purposes.

See also

References

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Bibliography

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  1. ↑ Template:Jepson Manual
  2. ↑ Template:EFloras
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Clennett, J.C.B. (2006). A taxonomic revision of Erythronium L. (Liliaceae): 1-290. Thesis, Open University, Ardingly, U.K.
  5. ↑ Clennett, C. (2014). The genus Erythronium: 1-158. Kew Publishing, Kew.
  6. ↑ a b Template:EFloras
  7. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tropicos
  8. ↑ Linné, Carl von, & Salvius, Lars. (1753). Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas... (Vol. 1, p. 305). Impensis Laurentii Salvii. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358324
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named vi
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Template:BONAP
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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