Socialist Party USA

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Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:Socialism US The Socialist Party of the United States of America (also Socialist Party USA or SPUSA) is a socialist political party in the United States. SPUSA formed in 1973, one year after the Socialist Party of America splintered into three: Social Democrats, USA (legal successor); the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (split); and SPUSA.

SPUSA describes itself as a multi-tendency socialist party which hopes to win socialism through a "democratic revolution from below". In contrast to the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), SPUSA advocates for "uncompromising independence" from the Democratic Party. SPUSA describes socialism as "radical democracy", in opposition to "capitalist and authoritarian statist systems".[1]

Notable members include David McReynolds, Frank Zeidler, and Dan La Botz. Former members include Ben Burgis.

Organization

File:Pat Noble.jpg
Pat Noble, National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party

SPUSA is headquartered at the A. J. Muste Institute. Template:As of, the Socialist Party had 11 local and state parties. Active SPUSA state parties include Michigan, New Jersey, Wisconsin. Inactive state parties include California, Maine, Kansas.[2]

Membership

In 1975, chairman Frank Zeidler claimed that SPUSA had around 500 members nationwide.[3] SPUSA saw growth during the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s, expanding from around 600 members to around 1,700 members.[4] In 2008, WMNF claimed that SPUSA had around 3,000 members.[5] However, in 2010, CommonDreams wrote that SPUSA had only 1,000 members, and party members described that as an increase in membership.[6] In May 2011, The New York Times stated that SPUSA had "about 1,000 members nationally".[7] In February 2012, The Root stated that SPUSA had "around 1,500" members.[8][9]

History

Background

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In 1958, the Independent Socialist League, led by Max Shachtman, dissolved and joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA), which was founded by Eugene V. Debs.[10] Shachtman had written that Soviet communism was a new form of class society, bureaucratic collectivism, in which the ruling class exploited and oppressed the population, and therefore he opposed the spread of communism.[11][12][13] Shachtman argued that democratic socialists should work with labor unions and civil rights organizations to build a social democratic "realignment" of the Democratic Party. "Shachmanites" had a great amount of influence on the SPA.[12]

In its 1972 convention, the SPA changed its name to Social Democrats, USA by a vote of 73 to 34, supported by both Co-Chairmen, Bayard Rustin and Charles S. Zimmerman.[14][15] This rename was meant to be "realistic". The New York Times observed that the Socialist Party had last sponsored Darlington Hoopes as its candidate for president in the 1956 election, who received only 2,121 votes, in just six states. The majority report noted that the name "party" was "misleading" because the SPA no longer sponsored presidential candidates, and also hindered recruitment of activists who participated in the Democratic Party. The name "Socialist" was replaced by "Social Democrats" because many American associated the word "socialism" with Soviet communism.[14] The party also wished to distinguish itself from two small Marxist parties.[16]

The convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, 8 seats for Harrington's Coalition Caucus, 2 for the Debs caucus, and one for the "independent" Samuel  H. Friedman.[17] These minority caucuses all opposed the name change.[14] The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote, with the majority caucus winning every vote.[17]

Founding

After their defeat at the convention, members of the two minority caucuses helped to found new socialist organizations. Harrington's Coalition Caucus created the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee.

The Debs Caucus, led by David McReynolds, formed the Union for Democratic Socialism. On May 30, 1973, the UDS incorporated the Socialist Party of the United States of America.[18] Many activists from the local and state branches of the old Socialist Party of America, including the party's Wisconsin, California, Illinois, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. organizations, participated in the reconstitution of SPUSA.[19]

After its founding, the party promoted itself as the legitimate heir of the Socialist Party of America.[20] SPUSA elected Frank Zeidler, former Mayor of Milwaukee, as its first national chairperson. Later, SPUSA nominated Zeidler for President. Zeidler believed the party would be able to collaborate with other socialist parties nationwide to spread the message of socialism.[3]

Subsequent history

In 2008, SPUSA candidate for President Brian Moore vocally opposed the idea that Barack Obama was a socialist of any kind,[21] saying it was "misleading of the Republicans" to spread that message.[22]

In 2009, the Socialist Party of Connecticut protested in Hartford against Obama's troop surge in Afghanistan.[23]

In 2010, SPUSA Co-Chair Billy Wharton called Obama's 2010 State of the Union Address a "public relations ploy".[24] Wharton criticized the Affordable Care Act as designed "to protect the profit margins of private insurance companies".[25]

Ideology

SPUSA argues that socialism can only come through social revolution. SPUSA tendencies include both democratic socialism, for a gradual transformation of society, and revolutionary socialism, for a rapid transformation following a slow "socialist transformation from below" through radically democratic "people's organizations".[1] SPUSA describes socialism as a radically democratic system which "places people's lives under their own control—a classless, feminist, socialist society free of racism, sexism, homophobia or transphobia," and in which "the people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups"; "full employment is realized for everyone who wants to work"; "workers have the right to form unions freely, and to strike and engage in other forms of job actions"; and "production of society is used for the benefit of all humanity, not for the private profit of a few."[1]

Socialist Party candidates support expanding social spending and social ownership of capital. In 2009, Greg Pason's proposals included socializing the United States health care system, a steeply graduated income tax, universal rent control and the elimination of all educational debts and tuition fees.[26] In 1997, Pason called auto insurance "a regressive tax against working people".[27] Moore was also vocal of his support for socialized medicine.[28] Moore supported economic democracy through social ownership and workers' control of our reigning industrial and financial institutions.[21]

Election results

SPUSA has fielded electoral candidates for local, state, and federal offices. SPUSA candidates usually run on a SPUSA ballot line, as independent, or as Green Party candidates.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

SPUSA has often endorsed members of the Vermont Progressive Party (VPP), such as Peter Diamondstone.[29] Most of these individuals were members of the Vermont socialist Liberty Union Party, but not members of SPUSA. These endorsees-but-not-members of SPUSA are not included below.

SPUSA has won several local offices, but never a state legislature, statewide, or federal office.

Current elected members

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  • Samantha Pree-Stinson, member of the Minneapolis Board of Estimate and TaxationScript error: No such module "Unsubst".

Presidential elections

Year Presidential candidate Vice presidential candidate Popular votes % Electoral votes Result Ballot access Notes Ref
2024 Bill Stodden Stephanie Cholensky 364 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [30][31]
2020 Howie Hawkins Angela Nicole Walker 405,034 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar Template:Efn [32]
2016 Mimi Soltysik Angela Nicole Walker 4,061 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [33]
2012 Stewart Alexander Alejandro Mendoza 4,430 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [34][35]
2008 Brian Moore Stewart Alexander 6,581 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [36][37]
2004 Walt Brown Mary Alice Herbert 10,822 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [38]
2000 David McReynolds Mary Cal Hollis 5,602 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [39][40]
1996 Mary Cal Hollis Eric Chester 4,764 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [41][42]
1992 J. Quinn Brisben Barbara Garson 3,057 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [43][44]
1988 Willa Kenoyer Ron Ehrenreich 3,882 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [45][46]
1984 Sonia Johnson Richard J. Walton 72,161 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar Template:Efn [47]
1980 David McReynolds Diane Drufenbrock 6,898 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [48][49]
1976 Frank Zeidler J. Quinn Brisben 6,038 Template:Percentage bar 0 Lost Template:Composition bar [50][51]

In the 1984 presidential election, SPUSA nominated the Citizens Party candidate for president, Sonia Johnson.

In the 2020 presidential election, the SPUSA nominated the Green Party nominee Howie Hawkins for president. Hawkins also received various state-level party endorsements, such as the Liberty Union Party in Vermont, in a bid to unite the "non-sectarian independent Left" behind a single campaign.[52]

Congressional elections

Year Candidate Chamber State District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2016 Jarrod Williams Senate Nevada At-Large 6,888 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Independent [53][54][55]
2014 Susan Purviance House Ohio 9th n/a Template:Percentage bar Lost write-in [56][57]
2012 Greg Pason Senate New Jersey At-Large 2,249 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [58][59][60][61]
2010 Dan La Botz Senate Ohio At-Large 26,454 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [62][29]
2008 Todd Vachon House Connecticut 2 15 Template:Percentage bar Lost write-in [29]
2008 Marc Luzietti House Florida 20 9 Template:Percentage bar Lost write-in [29]
2008 Jean Treacy House Michigan 1st 2,669 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green [63][64][29]
2006 Greg Pason Senate New Jersey At-Large 2,490 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [65][66]
2006 Willie Norwood House New Jersey 2nd 385 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [65][66]
2006 Willie Norwood House Massachusetts 1st n/a Template:Percentage bar Lost write-in [67]
2004 Lisa Weltman House Michigan 14th 2,224 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [63][68][69]
2004 Greg Pason House New Jersey 5th 574 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [69][66]
2004 Costantino Rozzo House New Jersey 2nd 595 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [69][66]
2004 Walt Brown House Oregon 3rd 10,678 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [69]
2004 Dorman Hayes House Rhode Island 2nd 3,303 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [69]
2002 Willie Norwood House Massachusetts 1st n/a Template:Percentage bar Lost write-in [67]
2002 Greg Pason Senate New Jersey At-Large 2,702 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [70][66]
2002 Costantino Rozzo House New Jersey 2nd 771 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [70][66]
2002 Walt Brown House Oregon 3rd 6,588 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [70]
2000 Greg Pason Senate New Jersey At-Large 3,365 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [71][72][66]
2000 Costantino Rozzo House New Jersey 2nd 788 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [71][66]
2000 Walt Brown House Oregon 3rd 4,703 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [71]
2000 David Duemler House Oregon 4th 421 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [71]
1994 Greg Pason House New Jersey 9th 1,490 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [73][74]

Statewide elections

Year Candidate Office State District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2020 Robin Laurain University Trustee Michigan State University At-Large 74,495 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [63][75][76]
2018 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 9,706 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [77]
2016 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 29,711 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [77]
2014 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 17,460 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [77]
2014 Adam Adrianson University Trustee Michigan State University At-Large 33,914 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [63][78][56]
2013 Maynor Moreno Governor New Jersey At-Large n/a Template:Percentage bar Lost write-in [56]
2012 Dwain Reynolds Board of Education Michigan At-Large 66,123 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green [63][79][60]
2012 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 34,105 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [80][81][77]
2010 Diana Demers University Regent University of Michigan At-Large 80,365 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [63][82]
2009 Greg Pason Governor New Jersey At-Large 2,085 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [83][84]
2008 Dwain Reynolds Board of Education Michigan At-Large 94,663 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green [63][64]
2006 Jacob Woods Board of Education Michigan At-Large 60,684 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [63][85]
2006 Mary Alice Herbert Governor Vermont At-Large 2,995 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [77]
2005 Costantino Rozzo Governor New Jersey At-Large 2,078 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [66][86]
2004 Ben Burgis University Trustee Michigan State University At-Large 75,047 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [63][68]
2001 Costantino Rozzo Governor New Jersey At-Large 1,537 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [66][87]
1997 Greg Pason Governor New Jersey At-Large 2,800 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [88]
1996 Mary Alice Herbert Governor Vermont At-Large 4,156 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [77]
1994 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 9,368 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [77]
1992 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 21,161 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [77]
1990 Mary Alice Herbert Secretary of State Vermont At-Large 14,555 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate [77]

State legislature elections

Year Candidate Office State District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2020 Jonny Meade House Washington 22nd 3,000 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [89][76]
2020 Rick Sauermilch House Michigan 110th 543 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [63][75][76]
2018 Matt Kuehnel House Michigan 22nd 999 Template:Percentage bar Lost a libertarian socialist who ran as a Libertarian Party candidate [63][90][91]
2018 Maia Dendinger Senate Maine 5th 1,109 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [92][93]
2018 David Elliot Pritt House West Virginia 32nd 2,384 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as a Mountain Party candidate [94]
2016 Seth Baker Senate Maine 27th 3,712 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [95][54]
2016 Michael Anderson House Michigan 70th 1,584 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [63][54][96]
2014 Mimi Soltysik California State Assembly California 62nd 922Template:Efn Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as No Party Preference [56]
2012 Alex Mendoza House Texas 65th 6,763 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [97]
2012 Alex Mendoza House Texas 65th 1,224 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [98]
2012 Jeff Peress Assembly New York 13th 395 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [99][56]
2012 John Longhurst House Michigan 106th 1,178 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [63][79][60]
2012 Sean Haggard House Michigan 54th 0 Template:Percentage bar Lost write-in [63][79][60]
2012 Ron Haldeman House Indiana 94th 752 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [100][60]
2012 John Strinka House Indiana 39th 2,862 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [100][60]
2008 Matt Erard House Michigan 53rd 2,200 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green [63][64][29]
2008 Jon Osborne Senate Rhode Island 34th 2,494 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [101][29]
2006 Matt Erard House Michigan 53rd 847 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Independent [63][85]
2006 Jeff Brindle Assembly Pennsylvania 26th 2,873 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [102]
2005 Sharon Chiorazzo Assembly New Jersey 2nd 832 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [66][103]
2005 Willie Norwood Assembly New Jersey 10th 665 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [66][103]
2005 Scott Baier Assembly New Jersey 2nd 584 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [103]
1982 William Shakalis Senate Massachusetts Suffolk and Middlesex 4,417 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as SPUSA candidate [104][67]

Local elections

Year Candidate Office City District Votes % Result Notes Ref
2024 Joshua Bradley City Council Raleigh At-Large 26,727 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [105][106][107]
2022 Joshua Bradley City Council Raleigh At-Large 18,143 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [105][106]
2022 Sonya Emerick Board of Education Minneapolis At-Large district 52,365 Template:Percentage bar Won nonpartisan election, elect 2 [108][109]
2022 Troy Thompson Mayor Floodwood At-Large 51 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [110]
2021 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education Monmouth County 1,893 Template:Percentage bar Won nonpartisan election, uncontested [111]
2021 Samantha Pree-Stinson Board of Estimate and Taxation Minneapolis At-Large 25,547Template:Efn Template:Percentage bar Won nonpartisan election, elect 2, ranked-choice voting (single transferable vote) [112][113]
2020 Adriana Cerrillo Board of Education Minneapolis 4th district 15,935 Template:Percentage bar Won nonpartisan election [114][115][116][76]
2020 Andy Argo Public Library Trustee Kalamazoo At-Large 15,965 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [117]
2020 David Robbins City Council Redding Lost [76]
2019 Joshua Bradley City Council Raleigh A 10.4 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [105][106]
2019 Andy Argo City Commissioner Kalamazoo At-Large 1,449 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election, elect 3 [118][119][76]
2018 Andrew Saturn Public Utility Commissioner Thurston County 41,664 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [120][121]
2018 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education Monmouth County 2,539 Template:Percentage bar Won nonpartisan election, uncontested [122]
2018 Reuben Dendinger City Council Orono Lost [93]
2018 Maia Dendinger City Council Orono Lost [93]
2018 Reuben Dendinger Sheriff Los Angeles County Lost [93]
2017 Chris DiLoreto Peterborough Library Trustee Hillsborough County Lost [123]
2017 Allen Braun City Council Bangor Lost [123]
2017 Chelsea Rustad City Council Tumwater 5 1,153 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan [123][124]
2015 Jeff Peress County Assembly Dutchess County, New York 23rd 206 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [125][126]
2015 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education Monmouth County 1,103 Template:Percentage bar Won nonpartisan election, uncontested [127]
2012 Joel Benavidez Justice of the Peace Bexar County 2nd 4,843 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [128]
2012 Pat Noble Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education Monmouth County 1,187 Template:Percentage bar Won nonpartisan election [129][130][131][60]
2012 Troy Thompson Mayor Floodwood At-Large 60 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [132]
2011 Matt Erard Downtown District Citizens District Council Detroit At-Large Won nonpartisan election [133]
2011 Peter Ponzetti Board of Education Grand Blanc At-Large 424 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [134][135]
2011 Edgar Brandon Collins City Council Charlottesville City Charlottesville 1,480 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [136][135]
2010 Jon Osborne Town Council Hopkinton At-Large 1,597 Template:Percentage bar Won ran as Independent, elect 5 [137]
2010 James Arnoldi Board of Governors Wayne State University At-Large 46,757 Template:Percentage bar Lost ran as Green candidate [63][82]
2008 Peter Moody Borough Council Madison Lost write-in [29]
2004 Carl Williams Board of Trustees Oakland Community College Lost [138]
2003 Bert Zipperer Mayor Madison At-Large 6,610 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election, first-round [139]
2000 Wendell Harris Mayor Milwaukee At-Large 7,624 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [140]
1995 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 5,307 Template:Percentage bar Won nonpartisan election [141][142][143]
1991 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 6,380 Template:Percentage bar Won nonpartisan election [141][142][144]
1989 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 3,519 Template:Percentage bar Won nonpartisan election [141][142][145]
1987 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 2,645 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [141][142][146]
1985 Karen Kubby City Council Iowa City At-Large 1,974 Template:Percentage bar Lost nonpartisan election [141][142][147]

National conventions

Name Location Date Notes
2023 National Convention Virtual October 20–22, 2023
2021 National Convention Virtual October 22–24, 2021
2019 National Convention Newark, New Jersey October 25–27, 2019
2017 National Convention New York City, New York October 25–27, 2017
2015 National Convention Milwaukee, Wisconsin October 16–18, 2015
2013 National Convention New York City, New York October 25–27, 2013
2011 National Convention Los Angeles, California October 14–16, 2011
2009 National Convention October 9–11, 2009
2007 National Convention St. Louis, Missouri October 19–21, 2007

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

References

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Further reading

External links

Template:Socialist Party USA Script error: No such module "navbox". Template:Authority control

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    The New York Times reported on the Convention for other days, e.g.
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  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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