Diet (nutrition)

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File:FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg
A selection of magnesium-containing food consumed by humans. The human diet can vary widely.

In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.[1] The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons (with the two often being related). Although humans are omnivores, each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos. This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons. Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy.

Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids from protein and essential fatty acids from fat-containing food, also food energy in the form of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in the quality of life, health and longevity.

Health

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". A healthy diet can improve and maintain mental and physical health.[2] Specific diets, such as the DASH diet, can be used in treatment and management of chronic conditions.[2]

Dietary recommendations exist for many different countries, and they usually emphasise a balanced diet which is culturally appropriate.[3] These recommendations are different from dietary reference values which provide information about the prevention of nutrient deficiencies.

Dietary choices

Raw food tacos prepared with guacamole, non-fried beans and sour cream.
Raw food tacos prepared with guacamole, non-fried beans and sour cream. Raw foodism promotes the consumption of food which has not been cooked.

Exclusionary diets are diets with certain groups or specific types of food avoided, either due to health considerations or by choice.[2] Many do not eat food from animal sources to varying degrees (e.g. flexitarianism, pescetarianism, vegetarianism, and veganism) for health reasons, issues surrounding morality, or to reduce their personal impact on the environment[4] (e.g. environmental vegetarianism). People on a balanced vegetarian or vegan diet can obtain adequate nutrition, but may need to specifically focus on consuming specific nutrients, such as protein, iron, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B12.[5][2][6] Raw foodism and intuitive eating are other approaches to dietary choices. Education, income, local availability, and mental health are all major factors for dietary choices.[2]

Weight management

File:Average Dietary Energy Supply By Region.svg
Average dietary energy supply by region

A particular diet may be chosen to promote weight loss or weight gain. Changing a person's dietary intake, or "going on a diet", can change the energy balance, and increase or decrease the amount of fat stored by the body.[2]

The terms "healthy diet" and "diet for weight management" (dieting) are often related, as the two promote healthy weight management.[7] If a person is overweight or obese, changing to a diet and lifestyle that allows them to burn more calories than they consume may improve their overall health,[2] possibly preventing diseases that are attributed in part to weight, including heart disease and diabetes.[8] Within the past 10 years, obesity rates have increased by almost 10%.[9] Conversely, if a person is underweight due to illness or malnutrition, they may change their diet to promote weight gain. Intentional changes in weight, though often beneficial, can be potentially harmful to the body if they occur too rapidly. Unintentional rapid weight change can be caused by the body's reaction to some medications, or may be a sign of major medical problems including thyroid issues and cancer among other diseases.[10]

Meat consumption

Meat commonly refers to red meat from pork, beef, and lamb and to white meat from chicken and turkey.[11] In Western countries, red meat is a significant source of energy and several nutrients such as protein, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids.[11] Meat can be processed by adding chemical preservatives, smoking, curing, salting, fermenting or canning.

According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), processed meat causes cancer, particularly colorectal cancer, and all red meat is a "probable" cause of cancer.[12] Strong evidence also links processed meat with higher risks of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.[13] The World Cancer Research Fund recommends limiting red meat to no more than three servings per week and minimizing consumption of processed meats.[14]

Environmental dietary choices

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".Agriculture is a driver of environmental degradation, such as biodiversity loss, climate change, desertification, soil degradation and pollution. The food system as a whole – including refrigeration, food processing, packaging, and transport – accounts for around one-quarter of greenhouse gas emissions.[15] More sustainable dietary choices can be made to reduce the impact of the food system on the environment. These choices may involve reducing consumption of meat and dairy products and instead eating more plant-based foods, and eating foods grown through sustainable farming practices.[16]

Religious and cultural dietary choices

Some cultures and religions have restrictions concerning what foods are acceptable in their diet. For example, only Kosher foods are permitted in Judaism, and Halal foods in Islam. Although Buddhists are generally vegetarians, the practice varies and meat-eating may be permitted depending on the sects.[17] In Hinduism, vegetarianism is the ideal. Jains are strictly vegetarian and in addition to that the consumption of any roots (e.g., potatoes, carrots) is not permitted.

In Christianity there is no restriction on the kinds of animals that can be eaten,[18][19] though various groups within Christianity have practiced specific dietary restrictions for various reasons.[20] The most common diets consumed by Christians are the Mediterranean diet and vegetarianism.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Diet classification table

Food type Omnivorous Carnivorous Pescetarian Pollotarian Semi-vegetarian Vegetarian Vegan Fruitarian Paleo Ketogenic Jewish Islamic Hindu Jain
Alcoholic drinks Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Template:Maybe Template:Maybe No Template:Maybe No
Fruit Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe
Berries Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe Yes Yes Yes Yes
Vegetables Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoTemplate:Efn Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Greens Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe
Legumes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nuts Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe Yes Template:Maybe Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe
Tubers Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Template:MaybeTemplate:Efn No Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe
Grains Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Honey Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No
Dairy Yes Template:MaybeTemplate:Efn Template:Maybe Template:Maybe Template:Maybe Template:MaybeTemplate:Efn No No No Template:Maybe YesTemplate:Efn Yes Yes Yes
Eggs Yes Yes Template:Maybe Yes Template:Maybe Template:MaybeTemplate:Efn No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe No
Insects Yes Yes No No Template:Sometimes No No No Yes Yes NoTemplate:Efn NoTemplate:Efn Template:Maybe No
Shellfish Yes Yes Yes No Template:Sometimes No No No Yes Yes No Template:MaybeTemplate:Efn Template:Maybe No
Fish Yes Yes Yes No Template:Sometimes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe No
Poultry Yes Yes No Yes Template:Sometimes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe No
Mutton Yes Yes No No Template:Sometimes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe No
Venison Yes Yes No No Template:Sometimes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Maybe No
Pork Yes Yes No No Template:Sometimes No No No Yes Yes No No Template:Maybe No
Beef Yes Yes No No Template:Sometimes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No

See also

Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Template:Webarchive
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Marcos 7:14 Template:Webarchive-23 Template:Webarchive
  19. ↑ Mateo 15:10 Template:Webarchive-20 Template:Webarchive
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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