Dhāraṇā
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Italic title". Template:Use Indian English Dhāraṇā (Template:Langx) is the sixth limb of eight elucidated by Patanjali's Ashtanga Yoga or Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.[1] It is directing and maintaining the mind's attention to a specific location of the body after sense-withdrawal has been attained.
Etymology
Dhāraṇā is translated as "firmness, steadfastness, certainty," as "the act of holding, bearing, wearing, supporting, maintaining, retaining, keeping back (in remembrance), a good memory," and also as "collection or concentration of the mind (joined with the retention of breath)."[2] This term is related to the verbal Sanskrit roots dha and ana, to hold, carry, maintain, resolve. Dharana is the noun.
Yoga Sutras
Yoga Sutras verse III.1 states deśa-bandhaś cittasya dhāraņā,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". meaning:
- deśa: "place"Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". "location," "spot"
- bandhaś (bandhah): "bound, fixed"Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- cittasya: "of the mind,"Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". "whose mind,"[3] "senses"[4]
- dhāraņā: "concentration,"Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". "maintain"[2]
According to Bryant, in Yoga Sutras verse III.1 Patanjali defines dharana as "concentration is the fixing of the mind in one place,"Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". maintaining the mind's attention in one fixed place.
Interpretation
In the commentarial tradition, dhāraṇā is interpreted as "holding", "holding steady", "concentration", or "single focus."[5] The Yogabhashya in its commentary on Yoga Sutras verse III.1 mentions focal points like the navel or the heart, while later commentators like Vacaspati Misra and Ramananda Sarasvati refer to the Vishnu Purana, which highlights theistic meditation, particularly visualizing Vishnu's form.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Practice
The prior limb Pratyahara involves withdrawing the senses from external phenomena. Dhāraṇā builds further upon this by refining it further to ekagrata or ekagra chitta, that is continuous, uninterrupted lucid awareness. The commentarial tradition interprets it as single-pointed concentration and focus, which is in this context cognate with Samatha.[6] Gregor Maehle defines Dharana as: "The mind thinks about one object and avoids other thoughts; awareness of the object is still interrupted."Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The difference between Dhāraṇā, Dhyāna, and Samādhi, which together are called Samyama, is a gradual one of intensity and uninterruptedness.
See also
References
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Sources
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