Delphinium glaucum
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Delphinium glaucum, known by the common names Sierra larkspur, mountain larkspur, and glaucous larkspur, is a species of wildflower in the genus Delphinium, which belongs to the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. It is native to western North America from Arizona to Alaska, growing in moist mountainous environments such as riverbanks and meadows.
Taxonomy
Although Ewan, in his survey of North American Delphinium,[1] treated D. glaucum and D. brownii as two separate species, some taxonomists now seem inclined to treat D. brownii as a local form of D. glaucum.[2][3] However, the matter does not yet appear to be completely resolved.[4][5]
Description
D. glaucum is a "tall" larkspur, which sprouts from one to several tall, stout, pale green erect stems which may approach Script error: No such module "convert". in height. The lobed leaves are generally found only at the base of the plant. The top of the stem is a large inflorescence which may itself be over Script error: No such module "convert". long. It usually contains over fifty widely spaced flowers, with each flower on a pedicel a few centimeters long. The sepals are flat and extend to the sides or point forward. The sepals and petals are dark blue to deep purple, although the top two petals may be lighter in color to almost white. They may be somewhat wrinkly. The spur is about two centimeters long.
Toxicity
Larkspurs have long been associated with livestock poisoning in North America,[2] and D. glaucum (under the name D. brownii) has caused problems in the rangelands of Alberta, in western Canada.[6]
Chemical studies
The earliest phytochemical research on D. glaucum (then known as D. brownii ) was that of Richard Manske, working at the National Research Laboratories in Ottawa, Canada, in 1938, who isolated an alkaloid that he was unable to purify adequately, and the common plant-sugar, mannitol.[7] A few years later, John Goodson, at the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories in London, England, isolated what he believed to be the same alkaloid, in purer form, from seeds of Delphinium elatum, and named it "methyl-lycaconitine".[8]
Further work to identify the chemical constituents of D. glaucum (still called D. brownii) was carried out by Michael Benn and his co-workers at the National Research Council laboratories in Ottawa, Canada in 1963.[9] These chemists confirmed the presence of methyllycaconitine in the plant, and also isolated another, structurally related diterpenoid alkaloid, which they named browniine.
Delphinium glaucum (still under the name D. brownii) was studied again by Mike Benn's research group, at the University of Calgary, in Canada, with the objective of identifying the compounds responsible for its toxicity.[6] These researchers again found methyllycaconitine and browniine in the plant, but also a closely related alkaloid, browniine-14-acetate, as well as the alkaloid magnoflorine, belonging to the aporphine class. Of these, methyllycaconitine was found to be the most toxic.
References
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- ↑ J. Ewan (1945), University of Colorado Studies, Series D. Physical and Biological Sciences 2 55–244.
- ↑ a b J. D. Olsen and G. D. Manners (1989). In Toxicants of Plant Origin, Vol. 1, (P. R. Cheeke, Ed.), pp. 291–326, Boca Raton: CRC Press.
- ↑ J. Looman (1984) Can. Field-Nat. 98 345-361. (Accessed through: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/89187)
- ↑ K. E. Panter et al. (2002) Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 30 113–128.
- ↑ S. E. Welsh and M. H. Ralphs (2002) Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 30 103–112.
- ↑ a b V. N. Aiyar, M. H. Benn, T. Hanna, J. Jacyno, S. H. Roth and J. L. Wilkens (1979) Experientia 35 1367–1368.
- ↑ R. H. F. Manske (1938) Can. J. Chem., Sect. B 16 57-60.
- ↑ J. A. Goodson (1943) J. Chem. Soc. 139-141.
- ↑ M. H. Benn, M. A. M. Cameron and O. E. Edwards (1963) Can. J. Chem. 41 477-482.
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Further reading
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