Ctenizidae

Ctenizidae (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is a small family of mygalomorph spiders that construct burrows with a cork-like trapdoor made of soil, vegetation, and silk. They may be called trapdoor spiders, as are other, similar species, such as those of the families Liphistiidae, Barychelidae, and Cyrtaucheniidae, and some species in the Idiopidae and Nemesiidae. The name comes from the distinctive behavior of the spiders to construct trapdoors, and ambush prey from beneath them.

In 2018, the family Halonoproctidae was split off from the Ctenizidae. A further genus, Stasimopus, was split off into its own family, Stasimopidae, in 2020. The family currently consists of two genera and five species.

Etymology

The name derives from Greek ktenizein, meaning "combing" or "cleaning", referring to their behaviour of cleaning continuously, and the suffix "-idae", which designates belonging to a family.

Taxonomy

The family Ctenizidae was first described by Thorell in 1887, being based on the genus Cteniza. Since the advent of molecular phylogenetics and its application to spiders, the family has been progressively dismantled; the World Spider Catalog lists over 100 genera formerly placed in Ctenizidae but now transferred to other families. The Halonoproctidae were split off in 2018, leaving only three genera. Even so, the family was not monophyletic, since Stasimopus is not in the same clade as the other two genera, according to a 2018 study (the three genera left in the Ctenizidae at that time are shaded in yellow):

In 2020, a large scale molecular phylogenetic study confirmed the placement of Stasimopus outside the clade consisting of Cteniza and Cyrtocarenum, and transferred it to its own family, Stasimopidae. This placement is accepted by the World Spider Catalog Template:As of.

Genera

Template:As of, the World Spider Catalog accepted only two extant genera:

• Cteniza Latreille, 1829 — Europe, Central Asia
• Cyrtocarenum Ausserer, 1871 — Greece, Turkey

Extinct genera

• †Baltocteniza Eskov & Zonstein, 2000 Early Eocene Baltic amber
• †Electrocteniza Eskov & Zonstein, 2000 Early Eocene Baltic amber

Distribution and habitat

The two genera of Ctenizidae are found in Europe and Turkey, particularly in France and Italy. Like many other mygalomorphs, Cteniza have highly localized distributions. This results in clumps of spider burrows a short distance from their maternal burrows, resulting in a dense cluster of spiders surrounding a large female.

See also

• Spider families

Further reading

• Raven, R.J. 1985 The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 182: 1-180.
• Murphy, Frances & Murphy, John (2000): An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
• Tso, I.; Haupt, J. & Zhu, M. (2003): The trapdoor spider family Ctenizidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Taiwan. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 51(1): 25-33. PDF Template:Webarchive (Ummidia and Latouchia)