Eriophorum

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Eriophorum (cottongrass, cotton-grass or cottonsedge) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cyperaceae, the sedge family. They are found in the cool temperate, alpine, and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, primarily in the middle latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia.

Description

Eriophorium species are perennial herbaceous plants that persist by means of underground rhizomes.[1]Template:R/superscript[2]Template:R/superscript Stems (called culms) grow singly or in clumps (i.e., cespitose). Both basal leaves and stem leaves are present, although the latter are bladeless in some species. The terminal inflorescence is either a single erect spikelet or multiple spikelets on peduncles of various lengths. In the case of multiple spikelets, the inflorescence is subtended by one or more leaf-like bracts. Individual flowers have 10 or more smooth perianth bristles that greatly elongate and remain attached to the achene during fruiting. The bristles facilitate seed dispersal by wind. In cold Arctic regions, the bristles also serve as insulation by trapping solar radiation and thereby increasing the temperature of the reproductive organs.[3]Template:R/superscript

Identification keys often begin with a pair of alternatives that implicitly divide the genus into two mutually exclusive sections:[1]Template:R/superscript[2]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript

  • Eriophorum section Vaginata: one spikelet, without involucral bracts
  • Eriophorum section Phyllanthela: multiple spikelets (rarely one), subtended by one or more leaf-like bracts

Besides the number of spikelets and the presence of bracts, other characters may be used for identification, including: the length of the uppermost leaf blade relative to its sheath; the number of bracts (0, 1, or more than 1); the length and orientation of the bracts; the length of the peduncles; and the color of the bristles.

Taxonomy

In the first edition of Species Plantarum published in 1753, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established genus Eriophorum by recognizing four species: Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum polystachion, Eriophorum virginicum, and Eriophorum alpinum.[6]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Sfnp In the second edition published in 1762, Linnaeus added a fifth species, Eriophorum cyperinum.Template:Sfnp The name Eriophorum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". is the primary generic name in use today.[7]Template:R/superscript[8]Template:R/superscript Although the names of some of the species have changed, the number of recognized taxa in genus Eriophorum has remained more-or-less the same since 1994.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

In the fifth edition of Genera Plantarum published in 1754 (intended to accompany the first edition of Species Plantarum), Linnaeus referenced the prior work of the Italian botanist Pier Antonio Micheli and the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort.Template:Sfnp In 1729, Micheli described genus Linagrostis, including an illustration of an unidentified plant.Template:Sfnp (The plant was later identified to be Eriophorum vaginatum.Template:Sfnp) Tournefort coined the French name Linaigrette (Latin: Linagrostis) in 1694,Template:Sfnp but his contribution became better known in Europe when his book was translated to Latin in 1719.Template:Sfnp

The French naturalist and mineralogist Jean-Étienne Guettard resurrected the pre-Linnaean name Linagrostis in 1750, and again in 1754, but Linagrostis Guett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". is regarded as a synonym for Eriophorum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript After Guettard, the name Linagrostis was redescribed by numerous botanists, including John Hill (1756), Johann Gottfried Zinn (1757), and Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1771),[11]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript[13]Template:R/superscript but all three published illegitimate names since Linagrostis Guett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". takes precedence. Scopoli's description of Linagrostis Tourn. ex Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". is notable, however, since it is explicitly based on the early work of Tournefort.Template:Sfnp The names Linagrostis vaginata (L.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Linagrostis alpina (L.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., and Linagrostis polystachia (L.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". are synonyms for the corresponding names introduced by Linnaeus in 1753.[14]Template:R/superscript[15]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript

The Austrian botanist and mycologist Eduard Palla established genus Eriophoropsis in 1896 by segregating Eriophorum virginicum into a new genus.[17]Template:R/superscript The name Eriophoropsis PallaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". is both a synonym for Eriophorum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and the basionym of Eriophorum subgen. Eriophoropsis (Palla) RaymondScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the latter described by the Canadian botanist Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond in 1954.[18]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:R/superscript

Species

As of August 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the following species are accepted by Plants of the World Online (POWO):[7]Template:R/superscript

Name/Author Year described Year published Distribution
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1782 1782 Widespread across Europe, Asia, North America
Eriophorum arcticum (M.S.Novos.) Schekhovts.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1994 2023 Siberia
Eriophorum brachyantherum Trautv. & C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1856 1856 Scandinavia, northern Russia, Mongolia, Korea, Alaska, northern Canada
Eriophorum callitrix Cham. ex C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1831 1831 Siberia, Russian Far East, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Montana, Wyoming
Eriophorum chamissonis C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1831 1831 Siberia, Russian Far East, Korea, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, northern and western United States
Eriophorum gracile RothScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20]Template:R/superscript 1799 1799 Much of Europe; northern and Central Asia; China, Tibet, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada, northern United States
Eriophorum humile Turcz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1838 1838 Altai, Tuva, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Amur
Eriophorum latifolium HoppeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1800 1800 Much of Europe; Caucasus, Turkey, Mongolia
Eriophorum scheuchzeri HoppeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1800 1800 Much of Europe; northern and Central Asia including Siberia, Xinjiang, Himalayas, Alaska, Greenland, Canada, mountains of western United States
Eriophorum tenellum Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1818 1818 Eastern Canada and northeastern United States from Nunavut and Labrador to New Jersey
Eriophorum tolmatchevii M.S.Novos.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1994 1994 Krasnoyarsk, Yakutiya
Eriophorum transiens RaymondScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1959 1959 Guizhou
Eriophorum triste (Th.Fr.) Hadac & Á.LöveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1869 1950 Finland, North America and temperate regions of Asia
Eriophorum vaginatum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1753 1753 Most of genus range
Eriophorum virginicum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1753 1753 Eastern North America from Labrador to Tennessee, west to Michigan
Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelm.) FernaldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1844 1905 Canada including Arctic territories; northern United States

The following natural hybrids are also accepted by POWO:

Name/Author
(hybrid formula) 		Year described Year published Distribution
Eriophorum × beringianum RaymondScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
(E. angustifolium × E. chamissonis) 		1957 1957 Alaska including Aleutians; Magadan region of Russia
Eriophorum × churchillianum LepageScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
(E. triste × E. vaginatum) 		1957 1957 Alaska
Eriophorum × fellowsii (Fernald) M.S.Novos.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
(E. virginicum × E. viridicarinatum) 		1905 1995 Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts
Eriophorum × gracilifolium M.S.Novos.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
(E. gracile × E. latifolium) 		1994 1994 European Russia
Eriophorum × medium AnderssonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
(E. chamissonis × E. scheuchzeri) 		1857 1857 Scattered locations in Finland, Norway, Russia, Alaska, Quebec, Labrador
Eriophorum × pylaieanum RaymondScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
(E. chamissonis × E. vaginatum) 		1951 1951 Scattered locations in Canada and Alaska
Eriophorum × rousseauianum RaymondScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
(E. angustifolium × E. scheuchzeri) 		1950 1950 Alaska, Quebec

World Flora Online (WFO) accepts all of the above species and hybrids except Eriophorum arcticum.[8]Template:R/superscript In addition, WFO accepts Eriophorum × polystachiovaginatum whereas POWO does not.

Other names

Of the five species described by Linnaeus in 1753 and 1762, three of the names are no longer in use. Eriophorum polystachion L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". is a rejected name,[21]Template:R/superscript[22]Template:R/superscript now considered to be a synonym for Eriophorum angustifolium Honck.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". subsp. angustifolium,[23]Template:R/superscript while Eriophorum alpinum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Eriophorum cyperinum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". are synonyms for Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Scirpus cyperinus (L.) KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., respectively.[24]Template:R/superscript[25]Template:R/superscript

The Swedish mycologist and botanist Elias Magnus Fries described Eriophorum russeolum in 1836.[26]Template:R/superscript Some authors consider Eriophorum russeolum Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". to be a synonym for Eriophorum chamissonis C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".,[27]Template:R/superscript[28]Template:R/superscript while others consider the two names to refer to separate species.Template:Sfnp[29]Template:R/superscript[30]Template:R/superscript[31]Template:R/superscript

In 1942, the American agrostologist and botanist Alan Ackerman Beetle placed the species Scirpus criniger A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". into genus Eriophorum.[32]Template:R/superscript In 2012, Eriophorum crinigerum (A.Gray) BeetleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". was segregated into genus Calliscirpus, and so Eriophorum crinigerum is a synonym for Calliscirpus criniger (A.Gray) C.N.Gilmour, J.R.Starr & NacziScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..[33]Template:R/superscript

In 1957, the Canadian botanist Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond placed the species Scirpus scabriculmis BeetleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". into genus Eriophorum.[34]Template:R/superscript In 2019, Eriophorum scabriculme (Beetle) RaymondScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". was segregated into genus Trichophorum.Template:Sfnp Hence Eriophorum scabriculme is a synonym for Trichophorum scabriculme (Beetle) J.R.Starr, Lév.-Bourret & B.A.FordScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..[35]Template:R/superscript

The invalidly published name Eriophorum × polystachiovaginatum BeauverdScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". is a synonym for Eriophorum × beauverdii SoóScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". but the latter is unplaced by POWO.[36]Template:R/superscript

Subdivision

In 1849, the Swedish botanist and traveller Nils Johan Andersson placed the European species of Eriophorum into two new sections:Template:Sfnp

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Eriophorum section Vaginata:[37]Template:R/superscript

  • Eriophorum vaginatum
  • Eriophorum capitatum (a synonym for Eriophorum scheuchzeri)
  • Eriophorum russeolum (a synonym for Eriophorum chamissonis)
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Eriophorum section Phyllanthela:[38]Template:R/superscript

  • Eriophorum angustifolium
  • Eriophorum latifolium
  • Eriophorum gracile

In 1905, the American botanist Merritt Lyndon Fernald placed the North American species of Eriophorum into Andersson's sections as follows:Template:Sfnp

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Eriophorum section Vaginata:

  • Eriophorum scheuchzeri
  • Eriophorum chamissonis
  • Eriophorum vaginatum
  • Eriophorum callitrix
  • Eriophorum opacum n. comb. (a synonym for Eriophorum brachyantherum)
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Eriophorum section Phyllanthela:

  • Eriophorum gracile
  • Eriophorum tenellum
  • Eriophorum polystachion (a synonym for Eriophorum angustifolium)
  • Eriophorum viridicarinatum n. comb.
  • Eriophorum virginicum

Phylogeny

Based on phylogenetic analyses, Eriophorum forms a well‐supported clade nested within the genus Scirpus, which suggests the latter is paraphyletic. To resolve this issue, there are at least two options: 1) merge Eriophorum into Scirpus, or 2) split Scirpus into a series of new genera. As of August 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., there has been insufficient data for a majority of botanists to prefer one option or the other.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

Eriophorum virginicum, Eriophorum tenellum, and Eriophorum gracile form a strongly supported clade that is sister to the rest of the genus. The clade is distinguished by having glumes (scales at the base of each flower in a spikelet) with many prominent nerves, whereas the glumes of the remaining species possess a single prominent midnerve.Template:Sfnp

Within a weakly supported clade of unispicate species (i.e., species with a single spikelet), Eriophorum russeolum and Eriophorum scheuchzeri form a strongly supported, monophyletic species complex characterized by a rhizomatous habit, up to 7 sterile glumes, and by glumes with well-defined hyaline margins (i.e., with thin, translucent edges). In contrast, in the sister clade to this complex (Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum brachyantherum, and Eriophorum callitrix) each species has a caespitose habit and more than 12 sterile glumes that generally lack clear hyaline margins.Template:Sfnp

Distribution and habitat

Eriophorum species are found in the cool temperate, alpine, and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere,[1]Template:R/superscript[2]Template:R/superscript primarily in the middle latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia.

  • North America: E. angustifolium, E. brachyantherum, E. callitrix, E. chamissonis, E. gracile, E. scheuchzeri, E. tenellum, E. triste, E. vaginatum, E. virginicum, E. viridicarinatum
  • Europe: E. angustifolium, E. brachyantherum, E. chamissonis, E. gracile, E. latifolium, E. scheuchzeri, E. triste, E. vaginatum
  • Asia: E. angustifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachyantherum, E. callitrix, E. chamissonis, E. gracile, E. humile, E. latifolium, E. scheuchzeri, E. tolmatchevii, E. transiens, E. triste, E. vaginatum

Preferred habitats include bogs, fens, meadows, and alpine tundra.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Uses

Paper and the wicks of candles have been made of its fiber, and pillows stuffed with the same material. The leaves were formerly used in treating diarrhea, and the spongy pith of the stem for the removal of tapeworm.[39]

References

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Bibliography

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External links

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