Hacker
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A hacker is a person who attempts to gain unauthorized access, esp. remotely, to a computer system or network [1], or, much less commonly, a person with an enthusiastic interest in computer systems.[2]
In common usage, the term most often refers to someone who gains unauthorised access to computer systems, but it is also used for security researchers, skilled programmers, computer enthusiasts, and members of hacker culture.
Hackers are associated with several overlapping areas of computing. In computer security, hackers find, exploit or test weaknesses in systems and networks, with motivations that may include crime, espionage, protest, recreation or defensive security research. In programmer and enthusiast communities, the term has also been used positively for people who explore technical systems creatively and understand them deeply.
The word has also influenced related terms such as hackathon, civic hacking, hacktivism and life hacking. In these uses, “hacking” often refers more broadly to rapid, inventive or unconventional problem-solving ("Life hack") rather than unauthorised access. Because these meanings developed in different communities, the boundaries between them are contested and context-dependent.
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Hackathon
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". A hackathon is an event in which participants collaborate intensively on software, hardware, data, or design projects over a short period.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
In addition to creating functional software or hardware, hackathons can help participants develop skills like problem-solving, creativity, team work, communication, and time management. Hackathons can also lead to formation of new companies, finding innovative solutions to real-world problems, or as part of building a community around particular technology or cause.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Civic Hacking
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Civic hackers use their security and programming acumens to create solutions, often public and open-sourced, addressing challenges relevant to neighborhoods, cities, states or countries and the infrastructure within them.[3] Municipalities and major government agencies such as NASA have been known to host hackathons or promote a specific date as a "National Day of Civic Hacking" to encourage participation from civic hackers.[4] Civic hackers, though often operating autonomously and independently, may work alongside or in coordination with certain aspects of government or local infrastructure such as trains and buses.[5]
Hacker Culture
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Hacker culture is an idea derived from a community of enthusiast computer programmers and systems designers in the 1960s around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT's) Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC)[6] and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.[7] The concept expanded to the hobbyist home computing community, focusing on hardware in the late 1970s (e.g. the Homebrew Computer Club)[8]Template:Fcn and on software (video games,[9]Template:Fcn software cracking, the demoscene) in the 1980s/1990s. It is in this sense of the word we get concepts like Lexer hack, Kitchen hack, and Growth hacking.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Naming
Fred Shapiro has written that the theory "that 'hacker' originally was a benign term and the malicious connotations of the word were a later perversion is untrue." He found that the malicious connotations were already present at MIT in 1963 (quoting The Tech, an MIT student newspaper), and at that time referred to unauthorized users of the telephone network,[10][11]
However, in 1984 a hacker was defined as an advanced computer technology enthusiast (both hardware and software) and adherent of programming subculture.[12]
Sometimes, "hacker" is simply used synonymously with "geek": "A true hacker is not a group person. He's a person who loves to stay up all night, he and the machine in a love-hate relationship... They're kids who tended to be brilliant but not very interested in conventional goals It's a term of derision and also the ultimate compliment."[13]
See also
- Hacktivism, conducting cyber attacks on a business or organisation in order to bring social change.
References
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- ↑ Levy, part 2
- ↑ Levy, part 3
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- ↑ Fred Shapiro: Antedating of "Hacker" Script error: No such module "webarchive".. American Dialect Society Mailing List (13. June 2003)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Alan Kay quoted in Stewart Brand, "S P A C E W A R: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums:" In Rolling Stone (1972)
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External links
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