Colonial empire

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File:Modern Empires - en.svg
Map of modern empires across the world between 1492 and 1945

Template:Short description A colonial empire is a state engaging in colonization, possibly establishing or maintaining colonies, infused with some form of coloniality and colonialism. Such states can expand contiguous as well as overseas. Colonial empires may set up colonies as settler colonies.[1]

Before the expansion of early modern European powers, other empires had conquered and colonized territories, such as the Roman Empire in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. Modern colonial empires first emerged with a race of exploration between the then most advanced European maritime powers, Portugal and Spain, during the 15th century.[2] The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European Renaissance. Agreements were also made to divide the world up between them in 1479, 1493, and 1494. European imperialism was born out of competition between European Christians and Ottoman Muslims, the latter of which rose up quickly in the 14th century and forced the Spanish and Portuguese to seek new trade routes to India, and to a lesser extent, China.

Although colonies existed in classical antiquity, especially amongst the Phoenicians and the ancient Greeks who settled many islands and coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, these colonies were politically independent from the city-states they originated from, and thus did not constitute a colonial empire.[3] This paradigm shifted by the time of the Ptolemaic Empire, the Seleucid Empire, and the Roman Empire.

The European countries of the modern era that are most remembered as colonial empires are the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Netherlands, France, Germany and Belgium.[4][5]

Template:Colonialism sidebar

History

European colonial empires

Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and one of the first colonial empires[6][7] under the leadership of Henry the Navigator. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories distributed across the globe (especially at one time in the 16th century) that are now parts of 60 different sovereign states. Portugal would eventually control Brazil, territories such as what is now Uruguay and some fishing ports in north, in the Americas; Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea, and São Tomé and Príncipe (among other territories and bases) in the North and the Subsaharan Africa; cities, forts or territories in all the Asian subcontinents, as Muscat, Ormus and Bahrain (amongst other bases) in the Persian Gulf; Goa, Bombay and Daman and Diu (amongst other coastal cities) in India; Portuguese Ceylon; Malacca, bases in Southeast Asia and Oceania, as Makassar, Solor, Banda, Ambon and others in the Moluccas, Portuguese Timor; and the granted entrepôt-base of Macau and the entrepôt-enclave of Dejima (Nagasaki) in East Asia, amongst other smaller or short-lived possessions.

File:Colonisation2.gif
The territorial evolution of modern colonial empires and some of their successor states (such as USSR, Turkey)
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During its Siglo de Oro, the Spanish Empire had possession of Mexico, South America, the Philippines, all of southern Italy, a stretch of territories from the Duchy of Milan to the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium, parts of Burgundy, and many colonial settlements in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Possessions in Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Americas, the Pacific Ocean, and East Asia qualified the Spanish Empire as attaining a global presence. From 1580 to 1640 the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire were conjoined in a personal union of its Habsburg monarchs during the period of the Iberian Union, but beneath the highest level of government, their separate administrations were maintained.

File:World 1898 empires colonies territory.png
Colonial powers in 1898Template:Efn

Subsequent colonial empires included the English, Dutch and French empires. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, by virtue of its technological and maritime supremacy, the British Empire steadily expanded to become by far the largest empire in history; at its height ruling over a quarter of the Earth's land area and 24% of the population. Britain's role as a global hegemon during this time ushered in a century of "British Peace", lasting from the end of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars to the start of World War I. During the New Imperialism, Italy and Germany also built their colonial empires in Africa, while Japan started to encroach into former Chinese domains after they have settled their own reformation.

Timeline

Template:Factual accuracy The chart belowScript error: No such module "Unsubst". shows the span of some European colonial empires.

  • Black lines mark the year of the empires largest territorial extent of land area.
  • Red represents that the empire is at that time a monarchy.
  • Blue represents that the empire is at that time a republic.

<timeline> ImageSize = width:750 height:450 PlotArea = width:650 height:350 left:50 bottom:50

DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1400 till:2000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:1400

  1. there is no automatic collision detection,
  2. so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap

Colors= 

 id:red  value:red

Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of bar Define $dy = -5 # adjust height

PlotData= 

 bar:Belgian color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1908  till:1962 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1928 mark: (line,black)

 bar:British color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1707  till:1997 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1920 mark: (line,black)

 bar:Danish color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1536  till:1953 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1810 mark: (line,black)

 bar:Dutch color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1602  till:1806 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 from:1806  till:1975 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1806 mark: (line,red)
 at:1930 mark: (line,black)

 bar:English color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1585  till:1649 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1649  till:1660 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 from:1660  till:1707 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1649 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1660 mark: (line,red)
 at:1707 mark: (line,black)

 bar:French color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1534  till:1792 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1792  till:1814 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 from:1814  till:1870 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1870  till:1980 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 at:1792 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1814 mark: (line,red)
 at:1870 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1920 mark: (line,black)

 bar:German color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1884  till:1918 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1912 mark: (line,black)

 bar:Italian color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1885  till:1946 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1946  till:1960 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 at:1946 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1939 mark: (line,black)

 bar:Portuguese color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1415  till:1999 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1910  till:1999 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 at:1910 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1815 mark: (line,black)

 bar:Russian color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1721  till:1917 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1895 mark: (line,black)

 bar:Spanish color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1492  till:1931 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1931  till:1947 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 from:1947  till:1975 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1873 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1874 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1931 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1810 mark: (line,black)
 at:1947 mark: (line,blue)

 bar:Swedish color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1638  till:1663 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1784  till:1878 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1658 mark: (line,black)

</timeline>

List of colonial empires

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Map of British Processions in South Asia
Map of British Processions in South Asia


Asian:

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Other countries with informal colonial possessions:

See also

Notes and references

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "kolonie [geschiedenis]. §1.2 De moderne koloniale expansie". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
  3. ↑ Encarta, s.v. "kolonie [geschiedenis]. §1.1 Oudheid.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Powell, Philip Wayne ([1991?]). Árbol de odio: la leyenda negra y sus consecuencias en las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y el mundo hispánico. Ediciones Iris de Paz. Template:ISBN. OCLC 55157841
  8. ↑ part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain before 1821.
  9. ↑ Part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata before 1810.
  10. ↑ During the reign of Philip V of Borbon, an intense diplomatic and military activity was developed with which the recovery of a significant Spanish presence in Italy was achieved. He placed several of his sons as independent sovereigns in different territories, such as the Duchy of Parma and especially the Kingdom of Naples, where the spanish House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and House of Bourbon-Parma ruled until 1860.
  11. ↑ Herfried Münkler: Der Dreißigjährige Krieh. Rowohlt, Berlin 2017
  12. ↑ Gregory Smits (1999). Visions of Ryukyu: Early-Modern Thought and Politics. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 143–149·
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Part of the Holy Roman Empire realm before 1804.
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ part of the Holy Roman Empire before 1736
  18. ↑ The dependencies of Norway are uninhabited, thus as end date is taken the latest date of full Norwegian sovereignty extension to such territory, instead of the date of decolonization or integration in the administrative structures of the mainland. Bouvet Island claimed in 1927, under Norway sovereignty since 1930.
    Peter I Island claimed in 1929, under Norway sovereignty since 1933.
    Queen Maud Land claimed in 1938, under Norway sovereignty since 1957.
    Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land fall under the scope of the Antarctic Treaty System since 1961.

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External links

Template:Empires Template:Colonization Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration

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