Churches of Rome

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File:Roma-piazza del popolo.jpg
Santa Maria in Montesanto and Santa Maria dei Miracoli, two of the many churches of Rome, Italy.

There are more than 930 churches in Rome,[1] which makes it the city with the largest number of churches in the world.[2] Almost all of these are Catholic.

Taking into account the number of churches deconsecrated or otherwise transformed, the total figure rises to about 1,500 churches.[3]

The first churches of Rome originated in places where Christians met. They were divided into three main categories:[4]

  1. the houses of private Roman citizens (people who hosted the meetings of ChristiansTemplate:Spaced ndash also known as oratoria, oracula)
  2. the deaconries (places where charity distributions were given to the poor and placed under the control of a deacon; the greatest deaconries had many deacons, and one of them was electedScript error: No such module "Unsubst". archdeacon)
  3. other houses holding a titulus (known as domus ecclesia)

Tituli

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Pope Marcellus I (A.D. 306–308) is said to have recognized twenty five tituli in the City of Rome, quasi dioecesis.[5] It is known that in 336, Pope Julius I had set the number of presbyter cardinals to 28,[6] so that for each day of the week, a different presbyter cardinal would say mass in one of the four major basilicas of Rome, St. Peter's, Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, and Basilica of St. John Lateran.[7] In Stephan Kuttner's view, "...the Roman cardinal priests and bishops were 'incardinated' for permanent (though limited) purposes into the patriarchal basilicas while remaining bound nonetheless to the churches of their original ordination."[8]

Only the tituli were allowed to distribute sacraments.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The most important priest in a titulus was given the name of Cardinal.[9] Pope Marcellus I (at the beginning of the 4th century) confirmed that the tituli were the only centres of administration in the Church. In AD 499, a synod held by Pope Symmachus listed all the presbyters participating, as well as the tituli who were present at that time:[10]

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  1. Titulus Aemilianae (Santi Quattro Coronati)
  2. Titulus Anastasiae (Santa Anastasia)
  3. Titulus SS Apostolorum (Santi Apostoli)
  4. Titulus Byzantis or Vizantis (unknown, perhaps "Titulus Pammachii")
  5. Titulus S Caeciliae (Santa Cecilia in Trastevere)
  6. Titulus Clementis (San Clemente)
  7. Titulus Crescentianae (San Sisto Vecchio)
  8. Titulus Crysogoni (San Crisogono)
  9. Titulus Cyriaci (Uncertain; theories include Santa Maria Antiqua and Santa Maria in Domnica)
  10. Titulus Damasi (San Lorenzo in Damaso)
  11. Titulus Equitii (San Martino ai Monti)
  12. Titulus Eusebi (Sant'Eusebio)
  13. Titulus Fasciolae (Santi Nereo e Achilleo)
  14. Titulus Gaii (Santa Susanna)
  15. Titulus Iulii (Santa Maria in Trastevere, identical with Titulus Callixti)
  16. Titulus Lucinae (San Lorenzo in Lucina)
  17. Titulus Marcelli (San Marcello al Corso)
  18. Titulus Marci (San Marco)
  19. Titulus Matthaei (in Via Merulana, destroyed in 1810)
  20. Titulus Nicomedis (in Via Nomentana, destroyed)
  21. Titulus Pammachii (Santi Giovanni e Paolo (Rome))
  22. Titulus Praxedis (Santa Prassede)
  23. Titulus Priscae (Santa Prisca)
  24. Titulus Pudentis (Santa Pudenziana)
  25. Titulus Romani (unknown, perhaps either Santa Maria Antiqua or Santa Maria in Domnica; whichever, the "Titulus Cyriaci" was not)
  26. Titulus S Sabinae (Santa Sabina)
  27. Titulus Tigridae (uncertain, perhaps Santa Balbina)
  28. Titulus Vestinae (San Vitale)

"Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome"

In the time of Pope Alexander II (1061-1073) those priests who served at St. Peter's Basilica were referred to as the seven cardinals of S. Peter's: septem cardinalibus S. Petri.[11] The four basilicas had no cardinal, since they were under the direct supervision of the Pope. The Basilica of St. John Lateran was also the seat of the bishop of Rome.[12] Traditionally, pilgrims were expected to visit all four basilicas, and Script error: No such module "Lang"., Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, and San Sebastiano fuori le mura which constituted the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome. In the Great Jubilee in 2000, the seventh church was instead Santuario della Madonna del Divino Amore as appointed by Pope John Paul II.

Notable churches by construction time

This is a list of churches of Rome cited in Wikipedia articles or with related files on Wikimedia Commons.

The churches are grouped according to the time of their initial construction: the dates are those of the first record of each church. The reader, however, should not expect the current fabric of the buildings to reflect that age, since over the centuries most have undergone reconstruction. Almost all the churches will thus appear considerably more recent, and as a patchwork of periods and styles.

Some interesting churches are now closed except on special occasions, such as weddings. These include: Santa Balbina, Santi Nereo e Achilleo, San Cesareo in Palatio and Sant'Urbano.

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Pantheon
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Santa Cecilia in Travestere

4th century

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Santa Costanza
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Santi Quattro Coronati
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Archbasilica of St. John Lateran
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Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
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Santi Cosma e Damiano

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5th century

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6th century

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7th century

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8th century

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9th century

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10th century

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Santa Francesca Romana

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11th century

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Santa Maria del Popolo

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12th century

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13th century

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14th century

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15th century

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16th century

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Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri
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Sant'Andrea della Valle
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Santa Maria di Loreto

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17th century

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Sant'Andrea al Quirinale

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18th century

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19th century

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20th century

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21st century

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Dio Padre Misericordioso

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See also

References

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  1. ↑ https://www.raiplay.it/video/2024/02/Roma-II---Caro-Marziano---Puntata-del-19022024-9c2ef9ca-70c3-4f44-a91a-ee39c56fca0a.html
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". "...quasi dioecesis, propter baptismum et paenitentiam multorum qui convertebantur ex paganis et propter sepulturas martyrum ('like a diocese, for the sake of baptism and penance of many who were being converted from paganism and for the sake of burials of martyrs')." Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Kuttner, pp. 148-149, attributes the change from 25 to 28 to the eighth century, following Klewitz, pp. 120, 151, 156-157.
  8. ↑ Kuttner, p. 150.
  9. ↑ The title 'cardinal', however, is not attested in authentic papal documents until the reign of Pope Stephen III (768-772): Kuttner, p. 149.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Kuttner, p. 152.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Some scholars have identified the 3rd-century hall beneath the church as a meeting room for a Christian community. Others do not agree with this view, claiming there are no proofs of Christian use before the 6th century. Krautheimer, p. 115.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

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  • H. W. Klewitz, "Die Entstehung des Kardinalskollegiums," Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonische Abteilung 25 (1936), 115–221.
  • Krautheimer, R., Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae, vol. 3.
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External links

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