Lake Peipus

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox lake

File:Drone video of Lake Peipus and Mustvee town in Estonia (July 2022).webm
Drone video of Lake Peipus and the town of Mustvee in July 2022

Lake Peipus (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx or Script error: No such module "Lang".) is the largest trans-boundary lake in Europe, lying on the international border between Estonia and Russia.[1]

The lake is the fifth-largest in Europe after Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega (in Russia), Lake Vänern (in Sweden), and Lake Saimaa (in Finland).[2]

It covers Script error: No such module "convert"., and it has an average depth of Script error: No such module "convert"., the deepest point being Script error: No such module "convert"..[3][4] The lake has several islands and consists of three parts:[5][6][7]

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  • Lake Peipus (Template:Langx, Template:Langx), the northern part of the lake, with an area of Script error: No such module "convert". (73%)Script error: No such module "anchor".
  • Lake Pskov (Template:Langx, Template:Langx), the southern part of the lake (area Script error: No such module "convert". or 20%)Script error: No such module "anchor".
  • Warm Lake (Template:Langx, Template:Langx), the sound connecting the other two parts of the lake (area Script error: No such module "convert". or 7%)

The lake is used for fishing and recreation, but suffered from environmental degradation from Soviet-era agriculture. Some 30 rivers and streams discharge into Lake Peipus, the two largest of which are the Velikaya and Emajõgi. The lake drains into the Gulf of Finland via the Narva River.

On 5 April 1242, the frozen lake was the site of the Battle on the Ice (also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus) between the armies of the Novgorod Republic and the Teutonic Order.

Name

The origin of the name Peipus (Template:Langx) is uncertain, although it may be paralleled by Lake Peipiä (Template:Langx) and the village of Peipiä (Template:Langx) along its shore, and by Peipozero (Template:Langx) near Onega Bay. Paul Ariste suggested a pre-Finnic origin of the name, Julius Mägiste suggested a connection with peipo or peippu 'chaffinch' (or other songbird) or Votic põippõ 'chicken', Lauri Kettunen suggested derivation from a personal name, and Template:Ill suggested a Baltic etymology, comparing it to Latvian piepe and Lithuanian pepis 'moisture, mold'.[8] The Russian name Chudskoye ozero (Чудское озеро) means 'Chud Lake' (i.e., 'Estonian Lake'); the ethnonym Chud (Script error: No such module "Lang".) referred to various Finnic peoples in what is now Estonia, Karelia, and northwestern Russia.[8]

Formation

Template:Refimprove section The lake is a remnant of a larger body of water that existed in this area during a former ice age.[9] In the Paleozoic Era, 300 to 400 million years ago, the entire territory of the modern Gulf of Finland was covered by a sea. Its modern relief was formed as a result of glacier activities, the last of which, the Weichselian glaciation, ended about 12,000 years ago.

Topography and hydrography

The banks of Lake Peipus have smooth contours and form only one large bay: Raskopelsky Bay. On the northern and northwestern shores of the lake there are sand dunes covered with pine forest and sandy beaches. Along the sandy shores, there is a Script error: No such module "convert". wide stretch of shallow waters.[10] The low shores of the lake mostly consist of peat and are bordered by vast lowland and marshes, which are flooded in the spring, with the flooding area reaching up to Script error: No such module "convert"..[11]

Water balance of Lake Peipus[11]
Water balance Volume
Inflow Precipitation 560 mm (1.9 km3)
Surface and groundwater 3150 mm (11.2 km3)
Outflow Streamflow 3390 mm (12 km3)
Evaporation 320 mm (1.1 km3)

The relief of the bottom is uniform and flat, gradually rising near the shores and covered with silt, and in some places with sand.[12] The deepest point of Script error: No such module "convert". is located in Warm Lake, Script error: No such module "convert". from the coast.[13]

The lake is well-flowing, with the annual inflow of water equal to about half of the total water volume.[11]

The lake water is fresh, with a low transparency of about Script error: No such module "convert". due to plankton and suspended sediments caused by the river flow.[11] Water currents are weak Script error: No such module "convert".; generally induced by wind, so stop when it ceases. However, during the spring flood, there is a constant surface current from north to south.[12]

Because of the shallow depth, the lake quickly warms and cools. Water temperature reaches Script error: No such module "convert". in July.[13] The lakes freeze in late November to early December, and it thaws in late April to early May, first Warm Lake and Lake Pskov, and then Lake Peipus. However, due to recent climate changes, Lake Peipus has now commonly started to freeze later into December and thaw much earlier in April.[11]

Gallery

File:Narva basin map.svg
Map of pools of Narva and Lake Peipus

Basin and islands

About 30 rivers flow into the lake.[14] The largest are Velikaya and Emajõgi; smaller rivers include Zadubka, Cherma, Gdovka, Kuna, Torokhovka, Remda, Rovya, Zhelcha, Chernaya, Lipenka, Startseva, Borovka, Abija, Obdeh, Piusa, Võhandu, Kodza, Kargaya, Omedu, Tagajõgi and Alajõgi. The lake is drained by only one river, the Narva, into the Baltic Sea.[3]

The lake contains 29 islands, with a total area of 25.8 km2, with 40 more islands located within the delta of the Velikaya River.[13] The islands are low wetlands, elevated above the lake surface on average by only Script error: No such module "convert". (maximum Script error: No such module "convert".) and therefore suffer from floods. The largest islands are Kolpina (area 11 km2) in the south, Piirissaar (area Script error: No such module "convert". in the center, and Kamenka (area 6 km2). In the center of Lake Pskov there is a group of Talabski Islands (Talabsk, Talabenets and Verkhniy).[15]

Flora and fauna

The lake hosts 54 species of coastal aquatic flora, including cane, calamus (Acorus calamus), bulrush, grass rush, lesser bulrush (Typha angustifolia) and water parsnip (Sium latifolium). Floating plants are rare and are of only three types: arrowhead, yellow water-lily and water knotweed.[16] The lake is home to perch, pike-perch, bream, roach, whitefish, smelt, and other species of fish.[3] The wetlands of the coastal strip of the lake are important resting and feeding grounds for swans, geese, and ducks migrating between the White Sea and the Baltic Sea and western Europe.[12][17] Lake Peipus is one of the main stopovers for Bewick's swan (Cygnus columbianus). The swans leave their breeding grounds in the Russian Arctic Script error: No such module "convert". away, and the lake is the first stop for many. Bewick's swans rarely fly more than Script error: No such module "convert". without feeding, and so they are near the limits of their endurance when they reach the lake.[18]

Ecology

The ecological condition of the lake basin is, in general, satisfactory: the water is mostly grades I and II (clean), and is grade III in some rivers due to the high content of phosphorus. The water condition of the rivers has improved since 2001–2007, but there has been an increase in the population of blue-green algae. The main problem of Lake Peipus is its eutrophication.[19]

Economy

The towns standing on the banks are relatively small and include Mustvee (population 1,610), Kallaste (population 1,260) and Gdov (population 4,400). The largest city, Pskov (population 202,000) stands on the Velikaya River, Script error: No such module "convert". from the lake.[10] Ship navigation is well developed and serves fishery, transport of goods and passengers and tourist tours.[17][20][21] The picturesque shores of the lake are a popular destination for tourism and recreation at several tourist camps and sanatoriums.[22][23][24]

History

In 1242, the southern part of Lake Peipus was the site of a major historical battle in which the Teutonic Knights were defeated by Novgorod troops led by Alexander Nevsky. The battle is remarkable in that it was mostly fought on the frozen surface of the lake, and it is therefore called the Battle on the Ice.[25][26]

The largest city on the lake, Pskov, is also one of the oldest cities in Russia, known since at least AD 903 from a record in the Primary Chronicle of the Laurentian Codex.[27][28] The city had a certain measure of independence even though it was dominated by its neighbours - Novgorod, Lithuania and Muscovy - and eventually incorporated in the Russian state. Several historical buildings remain in the city, including Mirozhsky Monastery (1156, which contains famous frescoes from the 14th to 17th centuries), Pskov Kremlin (14th to 17th centuries) with five-domed Trinity Cathedral (1682–1699), churches of Ivanovo (until 1243), Snetogorsky Monastery (13th century), Church of Basil (1413), Church of Cosmas and Damian (1462), Church of St. George (1494) and others.[29]

Gdov was founded in 1431 as a fortress and became a city in 1780;[30] the only remains of the historical Gdov Kremlin are three fortress walls.[31] Kallaste was founded in the 18th century by the Old Believers who had fled from the Novgorod area,[32][33] and there is still a functional Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church in the town. Near Kallaste, there is one of the largest surfacings of Devonian sandstone with a length of Script error: No such module "convert". and a maximum height of Script error: No such module "convert"., as well as several caves and one of the largest colonies of swallows in Estonia.[34]


References

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  1. ↑ Lake Peipus. Encyclopædia Britannica online
  2. ↑ The whispering waters of Estonia Template:Webarchive – Visit Estonia
  3. ↑ a b c Чудско-Псковское озеро, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  4. ↑ Template:In lang Russian lakes with area of more than 350 km². (GIF table). Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Encyclopedic Dictionary of Geography: Geographical names – Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1983, p. 488.
  10. ↑ a b Tourist Encyclopedia. Peipsi-Pskov Lake. Outdoors.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Sokolov AA Hydrography of the USSR L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1952
  12. ↑ a b c study the situation of the ports on the Narva River Template:Webarchive. Arhiv.ivangorod.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  13. ↑ a b c lakes and rivers south of Estonia, the islands Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  14. ↑ By Peipus pond Template:Webarchive. Zachetka.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  16. ↑ Fish and Lake Pskov region. Lakes. Pskovfish.ru. Retrieved on 19 February 2017.
  17. ↑ a b Tourist portal. Svali.ru (2008-01-28). Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Minutes of the eleventh meeting of the Joint Russian-Estonian commission for the protection and rational use of transboundary waters Script error: No such module "Unsubst".Template:Cbignore
  20. ↑ TrevelTurs. Peipsi-Pskov lake system Template:Webarchive. Traveltours.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  21. ↑ Transport of Pskov Oblast. All-transport.info. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  22. ↑ Pskov region. Peipsi and Lake Pskov Template:Webarchive. noveltour.ru
  23. ↑ More and more foreigners resting on Lake Peipus. Megatis.ru (2002-08-08). Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  24. ↑ Tourist Encyclopedia. Vladsc.narod.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Псков, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ ancient city of Pskov. Old-pskov.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  30. ↑ Гдов, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  31. ↑ My Gdov Template:Webarchive. mygdov.ru (in Russian)
  32. ↑ Kallaste. A bit of history. Moles.ee (2000-06-28). Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  33. ↑ Old Believer community Kallaste. Starover.ee. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
  34. ↑ Russian site about the city Kallaste Template:Webarchive. Kallaste.ucoz.org (2012-01-04). Retrieved on 2012-01-21.

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External links

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