Mountain blackeye

The mountain blackeyeTemplate:Sfn (Zosterops emiliae), sometimes referred to as the olive blackeye or simply black-eye, is a species of passerine bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to the highest mountains on the island of Borneo. It is known from both Malaysian states on the island, and four of the five Indonesian provinces, but has never been recorded in Brunei. Typically found at elevations above , the mountain blackeye sometimes moves to lower altitudes during periods of drought. There are four subspecies, which show clinal variations in size and coloring. Birds in the north are largest, darkest, and proportionately longer-tailed, while those further south are smaller, paler, and proportionately shorter-tailed. Adults are dark olive-green with a sharply-pointed, bright yellow-orange bill and a small dark mask connecting black Template:Birdgloss with a black Template:Birdgloss. The subspecies show varying amounts of yellow in their plumage, particularly on the face and underparts. Young birds resemble their parents, but have less brightly colored bills.

It feeds on insects, nectar, pollen, and small fruits, and is a major pollinator of several species of Rhododendron. It is also a minor partner in a symbiotic relationship with the pitcher-plant Nepenthes lowii. Little is known about its breeding ecology. Its nest is a shallow cup made of rootlets and lined with bits of moss. The female lays a single egg, and the nestling takes 14–15 days to Template:Birdgloss after hatching. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as a species of least concern. Although its population has not been quantified, it is very common across much of its range.

Taxonomy and systematics

Richard Bowdler Sharpe first described the mountain blackeye in 1888, using a specimen collected on Mount Kinabalu in northern Borneo. He named it Chlorocharis emiliae[, putting it into a monotypic genus that he created for the species.Template:Sfn It remained in that genus for more than a century, with its affinities to other members of Zosteropidae (white-eye) family unclear.Template:Sfn However, molecular phylogenetic studies done early in the 21st century showed that it actually nested comfortably within the genus Zosterops, leading Chlorocharis to be subsumed into that larger genus.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Phylogenetic studies have shown that it is more closely related to species on other Sundaland islands than it is to species in Borneo's lowlands.Template:Sfn

There are four recognized subspecies.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn These show a clinal variation. Those in the north are the largest, darkest, and relatively longest-tailed, while those in the south are the smallest, palest, and relatively shortest-tailed.Template:Sfn Mitochondrial DNA studies have shown that the species divides neatly into two clades, one in Sabah and the other in Sarawak.Template:Sfn Researchers theorize that the subspecies that make up the two clades were separated by glacial events, diverging as long ago as the mid-Pleistocene.Template:Sfn

• Z. e. emiliae, described by Sharpe in 1888, is found on Mount Kinabalu and Mount Tambuyukon, which are both located in the Malaysian state of Sabah.Template:Sfn
• Z. e. trinitae, first described by Tom Harrisson in 1957, is found on Mount Trus Madi in Sabah.Template:Sfn
• Z. e. fusciceps, first described in 1954 by Gerlof Mees, is found in the southern part of the Crocker Range, in the Maga Mountains.Template:Sfn
• Z. e. moultani, first described in 1927 by Frederick Nutter Chasen and Cecil Boden Kloss, is found in western Sarawak and West Kalimantan.Template:Sfn

The genus name Zosterops is a combination of the Ancient Greek words zoster, meaning "girdle" or "belt" and ops meaning "eye".Template:Sfn The species name emiliae has been said to commemorate Emilie Hose, wife of Charles Hose, an English administrator, naturalist and collector,Template:Sfn but this was not explained by Bowdler Sharpe and seems mistaken. Other common names include olive blackeye or simply black-eye.Template:Sfn

Description

File:Chlorocharis emiliae Keulemans.jpg

Illustrated by Keulemans (1888)

The mountain blackeye is a small passerine, ranging in length from .Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Compared to most other white-eyes, it is larger and longer-tailed.Template:Sfn The only known measured individual (sex unknown) weighed .Template:Sfn Male and female are similarly plumaged.Template:Sfn The adult of the nominate race, emiliae, is dark olive-green on the head and upperparts with a blackish tinge to the green, particularly on the Template:Birdgloss. Its underparts are somewhat paler, with a yellowish tint, particularly towards the center of the belly. It has a black Template:Birdgloss and black lores, which connect to form a small dark mask, edged by a yellow border.Template:Sfn It has a bright yellow-green Template:Birdgloss and throat.Template:Sfn Its iris is brown, and its long, slender, pointed, decurved bill is brown on the Template:Birdgloss and bright yellow-orange on the lower. Its legs and feet are dark yellowish-brown to black, with yellow soles. The immature bird is like the adult, though with a duller-colored bill; this is typically dull orange to blackish.Template:Sfn

The subspecies trinitae is similar to emiliae, but brighter and more yellowish overall. Its belly is almost completely yellow, and it shows more yellow on the face. The subspecies fusciceps is smaller and relatively shorter-tailed than emiliae, with a sepia tint to its crown and forehead.Template:Sfn Its underparts are yellow.Template:Sfn The subspecies moultoni is similar to fusciceps. It is the palest of the subspecies, showing more yellow in its plumage;Template:Sfn its underparts are dark green.Template:Sfn

Vocalizations

The mountain blackeye has a melodious song, variously transcribed as "wit-weet-weet-weet-weetee-weetee-tee" or "werwit-kukewtoweeo".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It also sings a shorter titiweeio".Template:Sfn One of its calls is a sharp "pweet".Template:Sfn Its wings make a distinctive noise when it flies: a whirring trrt trrt,Template:Sfn while its flight call is transcribed as "gujuguju" (with a short "u" sound). It has a trio of perching calls: "wi-u", "siwi-u", and "ie-wio".Template:Sfn

Distribution and habitat

A steep slope covered with short, dense, brushy scrub under heavy cloud and fog

The mountain blackeye is the most common bird in summit scrub, such as this on Mount Kinabalu.

The mountain blackeye is endemic to the high mountains of Borneo, where it is the most common bird on the summit slopes of the island’s highest mountains: Kinabalu, Tambuyukon and Trus Madi.Template:Sfn It is also found on several isolated lower mountains.Template:Sfn It occurs in both Malaysian states (Sabah and Sarawak) and four of the five Indonesian provinces (North Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan) on the island, but has never been recorded in Brunei.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Its habitats include primary upper montane forest, summit scrub, and gully vegetation.Template:Sfn While it generally occurs at elevations above , it may move to lower elevations during periods of drought.Template:Sfn

Ecology

Much of the life history and ecology of the mountain blackeye is not well-known.Template:Sfn The species is Template:Birdgloss, with no migratory movements.Template:Sfn Its generation length is estimated at 4.4 years.Template:Sfn

Feeding

Olive-green bird with an orange bill and black eye-ring eating a small green berry.

The mountain blackeye's diet includes nectar, pollen, insects, and small berries.

The mountain blackeye feeds on nectar, pollen, insects (particularly caterpillars, grasshoppers and beetles), and small berries, including raspberries.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It has a modified tongue—tubular with a brush-like tip—which allows it to easily sip nectar.Template:Sfn It feeds at all heights, from the ground to the canopy, often foraging in small groups.Template:Sfn It visits the flowers of Eugenia, Schima, Elaeocarpus and several Rhododendron species.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Studies indicate that it may be an important pollinator of Rhododendron buxifolium; it also regularly visits Rhododendron ericoides and Rhododendron acuminatum.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It is an occasional partner in a symbiotic relationship with Nepenthes lowii, a pitcher-plant which is also endemic to Borneo. The plant produces waxy secretions on the lid of its pitcher.Template:Sfn Although treeshrews are the primary consumers of these secretions, mountain blackeyes also partake, sometimes defecating into the pitchers as they do so.Template:Sfn Treeshrew and bird feces provide nutrients for the plant; studies have shown that some plants get 57–100% of their nitrogen from animal feces.Template:Sfn Because the waxy secretions are produced year-round, they can be an important food source for mountain blackeyes when other plants are not in flower, or when insects are hard to find.Template:Sfn

Breeding

The breeding ecology of the mountain blackeye is only poorly known.Template:Sfn It breeds in February, March, June, and September.Template:Sfn The nest is a shallow cup made of rootlets and dried grass, and lined with the sporophyte stalks or setae of mosses. It measures roughly across and is typically built in the fork of a branch of a Leptospermum tree within of the ground.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The female lays a single egg, and the hatched Template:Birdgloss takes 14–15 days to Template:Birdgloss.Template:Sfn Because of the low temperatures and high moisture levels at the elevations where mountain blackeyes breed, the birds spend considerable time incubating their chick early in its development, when it cannot regulate its own body temperature. This means that they spend less time foraging for food for the chick, which delays its development. When nests were experimentally heated and covered against the rain, parents spent less time at the nest, chicks gained weight faster, grew wing feathers quicker, and fledged earlier.Template:Sfn

Status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature rates the mountain blackeye as a species of least concern. Although it is range-restricted, it is very common across much of its range, though western populations are much more localized. Its overall population size has not been quantified, but it is thought to be declining, primarily due to habitat destruction and fragmentation.Template:Sfn Much of its range is protected by parks or forest reserves, including Kinabalu Park (which protects Mounts Kinabalu and Tambuyukon),Template:Sfn and Crocker Range Park (which protects much of the area around Mount Kinabalu).Template:Sfn However, protection does not necessarily forestall habitat destruction, as for example, permission has been granted for extensive logging in the forest reserve on Mount Trus Madi.Template:Sfn

Citations

References

• Template:Cite iucn

External links

• Template:EBirdSpecies
• Template:VIREO