List of heads of state of the Soviet Union

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Template:Short description Template:Soviet Union sidebar The Constitution of the Soviet Union recognised the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (between 1938 and 1989) and the earlier Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the Congress of Soviets (between 1922 and 1938) as the highest organs of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) between legislative sessions. Under the 1924, 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitutions these bodies served as the collective head of state of the Soviet Union.[1] The chairman of these bodies personally performed the largely ceremonial functions assigned to a single head of state[2] but was provided little real power by the constitution.

The Soviet Union was established in 1922. However, the country's first constitution was only adopted in 1924. Before that time, the 1918 Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic functioned as the constitution of the USSR. According to the 1918 Constitution, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (CEC), whose chairman was head of state, had the power to determine what matters of income and taxation would go to the state budget and what would go to the local soviets. The CEC could also limit taxes.[3] In periods between convocations of the Congress of Soviets the CEC held supreme power.[4] In between sessions of the Congress of Soviets the CEC was responsible for all the affairs of the Congress of Soviets.[5] The CEC and the Congress of Soviets was replaced by the Presidium and the Supreme Soviet respectively by several amendments to the 1936 Constitution in 1938.[6]

Under the 1977 Constitution, the Supreme Soviet was the highest organ of state power and the sole organ in the country to hold legislative authority.[6] Sessions of the Supreme Soviet were convened by the Presidium twice a year; however, special sessions could be convened on the orders of a Union Republic.[6] In the event of a disagreement between the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities the Presidium could form a conciliation commission. If this commission failed, the Presidium could dissolve the Supreme Soviet and order new elections.[6] The Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, along with the first and fifteen other vice chairmen, would be elected by the deputies of the Supreme Soviet.[7] In practice, the Chairman of the Presidium held little influence over policy ever since the delegation of the office's power to the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during Joseph Stalin's rule.[8]

The Presidency was established in 1990 and the President would, according to the altered constitution, be elected by the Soviet people by direct and secret ballot. However, the first and only Soviet President, Mikhail Gorbachev, was elected by the democratically elected Congress of People's Deputies.[9] In connection with the dissolution of the Soviet Union national elections for the office of President never took place. To be elected to the office a person must have been a Soviet citizen and older than thirty-five but younger than sixty-five years. The same person could not be elected president more than twice.[10] The Presidency was the highest state office, and was the most important office in the Soviet Union by influence and recognition, eclipsing that of Premier and, with the deletion of Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution, General Secretary. With the establishment of the Presidency executive power was shared between the President and the Prime Minister. The President was given broad powers, such as being responsible for negotiating the membership of the Cabinet of Ministers with the Supreme Soviet;[11] the Prime Minister, however, was responsible for managing the nomenklatura and economic matters.[12]

List of presidents

Of the eleven individuals appointed head of state, three died in office of natural causes (Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko), one held the position in a temporary role (Vasily Kuznetsov), and four held posts of party leader and head of state simultaneously (Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko and Mikhail Gorbachev). The first head of state was Mikhail Kalinin, who was inaugurated in 1922 after the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. At over twenty years, Kalinin spent the longest time in office; he died shortly after his resignation in 1946. Andropov spent the shortest time in office.

Heads of the Russian Soviet Republic (1917–1922)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Term Congress
Meetings
Took office Left office Duration
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
(1917–1922)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
1 File:Lev Kamenev 1920s (3x4 cropped).jpg Lev Kamenev
(1883–1936)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		9 November 1917 21 November 1917 Template:Ayd 2nd Congress
2 File:Old Russia - Yakov Sverdlov 1918-1.jpg Yakov Sverdlov
(1885–1919)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		21 November 1917 16 March 1919 † Template:Ayd 3rd–6th Congress
— File:Vladimirskiy Mikhail Fedorovich.jpg Mikhail Vladimirsky
(1874–1951)
ActingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		16 March 1919 30 March 1919 Template:Ayd —
3 File:Калинин М. И. (1920).jpg Mikhail Kalinin
(1875–1946)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		30 March 1919 30 December 1922 Template:Ayd 7th–10th Congress

Heads of the Soviet Union (1922–1991)

No.
[note 1] 		Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Term Supreme Soviet
Convocations
[note 2]
Took office Left office Duration
1 Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets
(1922–1938)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Калинин М. И. (1920).jpg Mikhail Kalinin
(1875–1946)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] 		30 December 1922 12 January 1938 Template:Ayd 1st–8th Convocation
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
(1938–1989)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Калинин М. И. (1920).jpg Mikhail Kalinin
(1875–1946)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] 		17 January 1938 19 March 1946 Template:Ayd 1st Convocation
2 File:Николай Михайлович Шверник.jpg Nikolai Shvernik
(1888–1970)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] 		19 March 1946 15 March 1953 Template:Ayd 2nd–3rd Convocation
3 File:Kliment Voroshilov.jpg Kliment Voroshilov
(1881–1969)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15] 		15 March 1953 7 May 1960 Template:Ayd 3rd–5th Convocation
4 File:Leonid Brezjnev, leider van de Sovjet-Unie, Bestanddeelnr 925-6564.jpg Leonid Brezhnev
(1906–1982)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16] 		7 May 1960 15 July 1964 Template:Ayd 5th–6th Convocation
5 File:Анастас Иванович Микоян.jpg Anastas Mikoyan
(1895–1978)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] 		15 July 1964 9 December 1965 Template:Ayd 6th Convocation
6 File:Nikolai Podgorny in 1973.jpg Nikolai Podgorny
(1903–1983)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18] 		9 December 1965 16 June 1977 Template:Ayd 6th–9th Convocation
(4)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". File:Leonid Brezjnev, leider van de Sovjet-Unie, Bestanddeelnr 925-6564.jpg Leonid Brezhnev
(1906–1982)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16] 		16 June 1977 10 November 1982 Template:Ayd 9th–10th Convocation
—

File:Vasili Vasilyevich Kuznetsov.jpg

Vasily Kuznetsov
(1901–1990)
ActingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19] 		10 November 1982 16 June 1983 Template:Ayd 10th Convocation
7 File:ANDROPOV1980S.jpg Yuri Andropov
(1914–1984)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] 		16 June 1983 9 February 1984 Template:Ayd
— File:Vasili Vasilyevich Kuznetsov.jpg Vasily Kuznetsov
(1901–1990)
ActingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19] 		9 February 1984 11 April 1984 Template:Ayd 11th Convocation
8 File:Cernenko (upscale).jpg Konstantin Chernenko
(1911–1985)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] 		11 April 1984 10 March 1985 Template:Ayd
— File:Vasili Vasilyevich Kuznetsov.jpg Vasily Kuznetsov
(1901–1990)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19] 		10 March 1985 27 July 1985 Template:Ayd
9 File:Andrei Gromyko 1972 (cropped).jpg Andrei Gromyko
(1909–1989)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] 		27 July 1985 1 October 1988 Template:Ayd
10 File:Mikhail Gorbachev, Reykjavík summit, 1986.jpg Mikhail Gorbachev
(1931–2022)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] 		1 October 1988 25 May 1989 Template:Ayd 11th–12th Convocation
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
(1989–1990)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[note 3]
File:Mikhail Gorbachev, Reykjavík summit, 1986.jpg Mikhail Gorbachev
(1931–2022)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] 		25 May 1989 15 March 1990 Template:Ayd 12th Convocation
President of the Soviet Union
(1990–1991)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Mikhail Gorbachev, Reykjavík summit, 1986.jpg Mikhail Gorbachev
(1931–2022)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] 		15 March 1990 25 December 1991[24] Template:Ayd 12th Convocation

List of vice presidents

There have been five individuals appointed vice head of state. In 1944, Nikolai Shvernik was the first vice head of state until 1946, the position was abolished and later re-established in 1977. At over eight years, Vasily Kuznetsov spent the longest time in office. Gennady Yanayev spent the shortest time in office.

No.
[note 1] 		Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Term Supreme Soviet
Convocations
[note 2]
Took office Left office Duration
First Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
(1944–1946)
(1977–1989)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
1 File:Николай Михайлович Шверник.jpg Nikolai Shvernik
(1888–1970)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		4 March 1944 25 June 1946 Template:Ayd 1st Convocation
2 File:Vasili Vasilyevich Kuznetsov.jpg Vasily Kuznetsov
(1901–1990)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19] 		7 October 1977 18 June 1986 Template:Ayd 9th–11th Convocation
3 File:Pyotr Nilovich Demichev (cropped).jpg Pyotr Demichev
(1917–2010)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[25] 		18 June 1986 1 October 1988 Template:Ayd 11th Convocation
4 File:Анатолий Лукьянов (депутат) (cropped).jpg Anatoly Lukyanov
(1930–2019)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[26] 		1 October 1988 25 May 1989 Template:Ayd 11th–12th Convocation
Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
(1989–1990)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Анатолий Лукьянов (депутат) (cropped).jpg Anatoly Lukyanov
(1930–2019)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[26] 		25 May 1989 15 March 1990 Template:Ayd 12th Convocation
Vice President of the Soviet Union
(1990–1991)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
5 Gennady Yanayev
(1937–2010)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] 		27 December 1990 21 August 1991[note 4] Template:Ayd 12th Convocation
— Office abolished[29] 21 August 1991 26 December 1991[note 5] Template:Ayd

See also

Soviet Union-related

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Russia-related

Notes

Template:NoteFoot

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Lang". (All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Article #81 of 10 July 1918 The Budget. ).
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Lang". (All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Article #30 of 10 July 1918 The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Cossacks', and Red Army Deputies. ).
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Lang". (All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Article #29 of 10 July 1918 The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Cossacks', and Red Army Deputies. ).
  6. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Lang". (Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union. Article #30–56 of 10 July 1918 The Highest Organs of State Authority of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. ).
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Lang". (Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Article #120  The Supreme Soviet of the USSR. ).
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Lang". (Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Article #127.1 of 26 December 1990 President of the USSR. ).
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Deposed on 19 August 1991; reinstated on 22 August.
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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