Cello Sonata (Debussy)

The Cello Sonata (Sonate pour violoncelle et piano), L. 135, is a sonata for cello and piano by Claude Debussy. It was part of his project Six sonatas for various instruments to compose six sonatas for different instruments. It consists of three movements: Prologue, Sérénade and Finale. It was composed and published in 1915. After performances in London and Geneva in 1916, the sonata's official premiere in Paris was played in 1917 by Joseph Salmon and Debussy. It was the first chamber music work in his late style, and became one of the key works in the repertoire from the 20th century.

History and background

Debussy composed the cello sonata as the first in a project, Six sonatas for various instruments, to compose six sonatas for different instruments.Template:Sfn It was prompted by a performance of the Septet by Saint-Saëns, inspiring Debussy to write chamber music again which he had neglected since his string quartet of 1893. Diagnosed with colorectal cancer in 1910, he had not composed at all.Template:SfnTemplate:Rp Debussy's publisher Durand encouraged the project, planned as an homage to 18th-century composers Couperin and Rameau.Template:Sfn Throughout his career, he preferred the French keyboard music of the 18th century over German romanticism. Remaining in the French tradition was also a political statement during the World War.Template:SfnTemplate:Rp He described himself as a French musician on the title pages of project pieces.Template:SfnTemplate:Rp

Debussy planned three movements, as in French traditional sonatas. He had written many works in three movements such as Pour le piano, En blanc et noir, and Iberia.Template:SfnTemplate:Rp

Debussy composed the Cello Sonata as the first of the set within a few weeks in July at the Normandy seaside town of Pourville. He wrote to his publisher Durand on 5 August that he would send the manuscript of what he described as a sonata in "almost classical form in the best sense of the word".Template:Sfn It was printed in December 1915.Template:Sfn

Despite other information, the sonata was premiered in London's Aeolian Hall by cellist C. Warwick Evans and Ethel Hobday on 4 March 1916. It was played at the Casino Saint-Pierre in Geneva, performed by cellist Léonce Allard and Marie Panthès. It took until 24 March 1917 for the French premiere which was given in Paris by cellist Joseph Salmon and Debussy.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The cellist Louis Rosoor claimed in program notes that Debussy related the music to the character Pierrot of the commedia dell'arte,Template:Sfn and wanted to name the sonata Pierrot Angry at the Moon. The cellist seems to have invented this, writing: "Pierrot wakes up with a start and shakes off his stupor. He rushes off to sing a serenade to his beloved [the moon] who, despite his supplications, remains unmoved. To comfort himself in his failure he sings a song of liberty."Template:Sfn Debussy confirmed in a letter to Durand dated 16 October 1916 that the cellist had visited him the previous night, and seemed to have misunderstood him and the music.Template:Sfn

Debussy dedicated the sonata, and actually the complete project, to his wife Emma,Template:Sfn writing "Template:Langx" (The six sonatas for various instruments are offered to honour Emma-Claude Debussy. Her husband.).Template:SfnTemplate:Rp He completed only three of the six planned sonatas,Template:Sfn a second for viola, flute and harp in October 1915, and the third, a violin sonata, in the winter of 1916–17.Template:SfnTemplate:Rp

In 2008 Bärenreiter published a critical edition of the sonata, edited by Regina Back. She used Debussy's sketches from a private collection for the first time, dealing with the balance of the instruments and attempting to clarify ambiguities in the autograph and the first edition, many of which, unfortunately, remain unresolvable.Template:Sfn

The cello sonata became a staple of the modern cello repertoireTemplate:Sfn and is commonly regarded as one of the finest masterpieces written for the instrument.Template:Sfn

Structure and music

Debussy structured the sonata in three movements:Template:SfnTemplate:Rp Template:Ordered list

The final two movements are joined attacca.Template:SfnTemplate:Rp Instead of using sonata form, Debussy followed the models of eighteenth-century mono-thematic sonatas. He was especially influenced by the music of François Couperin.Template:SfnTemplate:Rp

The piece makes use of modes and whole-tone and pentatonic scales, as is typical of Debussy's style. It also uses many types of extended cello technique, including left-hand pizzicato, spiccato and flautando bowing, false harmonics and portamenti. The piece is considered technically demanding. The work takes about 10 minutes to perform.Template:SfnTemplate:Rp All movements are in D minor, making the work homotonal.

Recordings

The Cello Sonata has been recorded often, played in recitals for cello and piano or in collections of Debussy's chamber music. In 1961, Mstislav Rostropovich and Benjamin Britten played it in concert at the Aldeburgh Festival in a concert for the premiere of Britten's Cello Sonata; They subsequently recorded all pieces on the program, playing Debussy's work with "a heightened sense of expressiveness".Template:Sfn The Cello Sonata was recorded in 1991 by cellist François Guye and pianist Pascal Rogé together with the other two late sonatas. A reviewer from Gramophone noted that Guye played "sensitive nuances" and Rogé provided spontaneity and "the requisite spirit of caprice" in the second movement.Template:Sfn It was recorded by cellist Edgar Moreau and pianist Bertrand Chamayou in 2017 in a collection of chamber music including the three late sonatas.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

External links

• Sonata for Cello and Piano: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
• Performance of Cello Sonata by David Requiro (cello) and Elizabeth DeMio (piano) from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format