Pope Celestine III

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File:Pope Coelestinus 4. crowning the Emperour Henricus 6. with his feete.gif
Satirical cartoon of Celestine III crowning Emperor Henry VI with his feet. (This image refers to him as "Coelestinus 4," as the author considered Teobaldo Boccapecci as Pope Celestine II.)

Pope Celestine III (Template:Langx; c. 1105 – 8 January 1198), born Giacinto Bobone, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 March or 10 April 1191 to his death in 1198. He had a tense relationship with several monarchs, including Emperor Henry VI, King Tancred of Sicily, and King Alfonso IX of León.

Early career

Giacinto Bobone was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He was appointed as cardinal-deacon in 1144 by Celestine II or Lucius II.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Considered by the Roman Curia as an expert on Spain, Bobone conducted two legatine missions to Spain in (1154–55) and (1172–75) as the Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Pontificate

Celestine was elected on 29/30 March 1191 and ordained a priest 13 April 1191.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He crowned Emperor Henry VI a day or two after his ordination.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". In 1192, Celestine recognized Tancred as king of Sicily, despite Henry VI's wife's claim.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He threatened to excommunicate Henry VI for wrongfully keeping King Richard I of England imprisoned, but he could do little else since the college of cardinals were against it.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He placed Pisa under an interdict, which was lifted by his successor, Innocent III in 1198.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Celestine, in 1192, sent a cardinal-priest of St. Lorenzo, Cinthius, to Denmark to address the discord between the Danish princes.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Upon Cinthius' return to Rome, Celestine issued three papal bulls;Cum Romana ecclesia, Etsi sedes debeat, Quanto magnitudinem tuam. These bulls advised the archbishop Absalon of Lund to instruct the King of Denmark to release the bishop of Schleswig.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The bulls also threatened to excommunicate the offending Duke Valdemar, who had imprisoned the bishop of Schleswig, and place the kingdom of Denmark under interdict.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The bishop would stay imprisoned until Pope Innocent III restarted the process in 1203.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Celestine condemned King Alfonso IX of León for his marriage to Theresa of Portugal on the grounds of consanguinity.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Portugal and León were placed under interdict.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Then, in 1196, he excommunicated Alfonso IX for allying with the Almohad Caliphate while making war on Castile.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Following his marriage with Berengaria of Castile, Celestine excommunicated Alfonso and placed an interdict over León.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

In December 1196, Celestine issued a bull acknowledging the possessions of the Teutonic Knights.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Death

Celestine would have resigned the papacy and recommended a successor (Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo, O.S.B.) shortly before his death,[1] but was not allowed to do so by the cardinals.[2]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ William Stubbs (editor), Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene Vol. IV (London 1871), pp. 32-33.
  2. ↑ Karl Holder, Die Designation der Nachfolger durch die Päpste (Freiburg Switzerland: B. Veith 1892), pp. 69-70.

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Sources

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External links

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Catholic Church titles
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check Pope
1191–98 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by

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initial text from the 9th edition (1876) of an old encyclopedia

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