Cape Elizabeth, Maine

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Cape Elizabeth is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. The town is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine, metropolitan statistical area. As of the 2020 census, Cape Elizabeth had a population of 9,535.[1]

One of the wealthiest towns in the state, Cape Elizabeth is the location of Portland Head Light, which is the oldest lighthouse in Maine. Since 1998, it has hosted the Beach to Beacon 10K, a world-class road race which starts at Crescent Beach State Park and ends at Portland Head Light.

Cape Elizabeth has a single community school department. Cape Elizabeth High School's team name is the "Capers".

History

Early exploration and settlement (1525–1650)

Spanish explorers mapped the area in 1525, naming it "Cabo de Arrecife."[2] English explorer Bartholomew Gosnold arrived on May 14, 1602, during his New England explorations.[3] The English name derives from King Charles I of England, who renamed it in honor of his sister, Elizabeth of Bohemia, when John Smith presented his 1615 map for royal approval—one of only four such royal renamings that survive today.[4]

The first European settlement was established on Richmond Island in 1628 by Walter Bagnall, who operated a trading post dealing in rum and beaver pelts. His dishonest practices with the Wabanaki led to his death in October 1631 when Native Americans killed him and burned his post.[5] Two months later, the Plymouth Company granted the island to Robert Trelawney and Moses Goodyear, who developed it into a fishing and trading center employing 60 men by 1638.[6]Template:Circular reference

George Cleeve and Richard Tucker established the first mainland settlement in 1630 near the Spurwink River. After being displaced by John Winter in 1632, they received a 1,500-acre grant from Sir Ferdinando Gorges in 1636, including the peninsula called Machegonne (now Portland). The area came under Alexander Rigby's control in 1643 when he purchased the Plough of Lygonia patent.[7]

Colonial conflicts (1675–1720)

The settlement at Purpoodock on the Fore River was attacked during King Philip's War in 1675. During King William's War, Major Benjamin Church arrived at Casco Bay with 300 men on September 11, 1690. After attacking a Native American village upriver, Church's forces were retaliated against at Purpooduc Point, where seven of his men were killed and 24 wounded.[8] The town was completely destroyed in 1703 during Queen Anne's War and remained largely abandoned until resettlement began around 1719-1720.

Municipal development (1765–1895)

Cape Elizabeth separated from Falmouth (now Portland) on November 1, 1765, becoming Maine's 23rd incorporated town. The first town meeting was held on December 2, 1765.[9] The original boundaries included all area south of Portland Harbor and east of the Spurwink River.[10]

In 1895, South Portland separated from Cape Elizabeth due to contrasting development patterns—commercial and industrial growth in the north versus the continuing rural character in the south. During this period, the community attracted notable architecture, including several houses designed by John Calvin Stevens.[11]Template:Circular reference

Fort Williams era (1872–1962)

The United States Army began constructing a coast artillery fort around Portland Head Light in 1872 to guard Portland Harbor's southern entrance. Named Fort Williams in 1899 for Civil War Major General Seth Williams, the installation served actively until 1962. The town purchased the property for approximately $200,000, creating Fort Williams Park, which includes the lighthouse and museum, fort ruins, the Goddard Mansion ruins, and recreational facilities.[12]

Modern era

Cape Elizabeth has developed into one of Maine's wealthiest communities while preserving its historic character. Since 1998, the town has hosted the Beach to Beacon 10K road race from Crescent Beach State Park to Portland Head Light. The Cape Elizabeth Land Trust protects 560 acres across 22 parcels, maintaining extensive trail systems that reflect the community's commitment to balancing development with conservation.[13]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of Script error: No such module "convert"., of which Script error: No such module "convert". is land and Script error: No such module "convert". is water.[14] The nearest city is South Portland. Cape Elizabeth shares a border with South Portland to the north and Scarborough to the west.

The town includes two islands. Ram Island is a small and unoccupied island southwest of Richmond Island. This should not be confused with Ram Island Ledge which contains Ram Island Ledge Light and is within Portland, Maine. The Script error: No such module "convert". Richmond Island, originally inhabited by Native Americans, then English settlers, is now uninhabited except by a small herd of sheep.

Cape Elizabeth is the home of three coastal parks: Fort Williams Park, Two Lights State Park, and Crescent Beach State Park. Additionally, the Cape Elizabeth Land Trust, a private nonprofit corporation, protects Script error: No such module "convert". of land on 22 different parcels for public use, maintaining a large system of connecting non-motorized trails on most.[15]

The town itself has 923 acres of land owned or under easement protection for conservation purposes.[16]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Template:Sronly%±
17901,356—
18001,275Script error: No such module "String".%
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1900887Script error: No such module "String".%
19101,857Script error: No such module "String".%
19201,534Script error: No such module "String".%
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19403,172Script error: No such module "String".%
19503,816Script error: No such module "String".%
19605,505Script error: No such module "String".%
19707,873Script error: No such module "String".%
19807,838Script error: No such module "String".%
19908,854Script error: No such module "String".%
20009,068Script error: No such module "String".%
20109,015Script error: No such module "String".%
20209,535Script error: No such module "String".%
U.S. Decennial Census[17]

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2010 census

As of the census[18] of 2010, there were 9,015 people, 3,616 households, and 2,620 families living in the town. The population density was Script error: No such module "convert".. There were 3,963 housing units at an average density of Script error: No such module "convert".. The racial makeup of the town was 96.6% White, 0.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

There were 3,616 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.5% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the town was 46.8 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.3% were from 25 to 44; 37.3% were from 45 to 64; and 16.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.

2000 census

As of the census[19] of 2000, there were 9,068 people, 3,488 households, and 2,605 families living in the town. The population density was Script error: No such module "convert".. There were 3,724 housing units at an average density of Script error: No such module "convert".. The racial makeup of the town was 98% White, 0.3% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.12% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.50% of the population.[20]

There were 3,488 households, out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.7% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 30.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $144,250 (2022). In 2000, Males had a median income of $61,128 versus $32,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $47,983. About 1.3% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

Schools

The Cape Elizabeth School Department consists of Elementary School, Cape Elizabeth Middle School, and Cape Elizabeth High School. The Cape Elizabeth School Department offices are across the street in the Cape Elizabeth Town Hall. Cape Elizabeth is also home to many preschools and day care centers. The high school had its first graduating class in 1877.[21] all situated in one campus in the town center.[22]

In 2025 the Cape Elizabeth School Board unanimously approved a proposal that would build a new middle school and may critical improvements to the elementary and high schools. On June 10, 2025 Cape Elizabeth voters approved the bond by 53%. The new middle school is expected to open in late 2028.

Government and politics

Cape Elizabeth has a town council-town manager form of government. The seven-member town council is elected at large on a nonpartisan basis to staggered three-year terms. The school board is also a seven-member body elected at large on a nonpartisan basis to staggered three-year terms.[23]

The town council chair is Penelope A. Jordan.[24] The Town Manager is Patrick Fox.

Election results

Cape Elizabeth voted for all Republican presidential candidates from 1968–1988 by double digit margins, then voted Republican narrowly in the three way election of 1992, and has voted for each of the seven Democratic presidential candidates since 1996; five of them by double digits.

Cape Elizabeth town vote
by party in presidential elections[25]
Year Democratic Republican Third Parties
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2020[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|77.09% 5,349 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|21.07% 1,462 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.84% 128
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2016[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|70.23% 4,480 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|24.97% 1,593 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|4.80% 306
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2012[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|63.08% 4,018 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|35.49% 2,261 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.43% 91
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2008[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|65.69% 4,164 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|33.41% 2,118 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.90% 57
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2004[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|58.39% 3,679 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|40.44% 2,548 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.17% 74
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2000[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|49.25% 2,962 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|45.04% 2,709 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|5.70% 343
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|1996[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|48.17% 2,734 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|42.12% 2,391 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|9.70% 551
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1992[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|40.24% 1,574 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|41.09% 2,186 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|18.68% 1,163
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1988[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|39.00% 2,099 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|59.96% 3,227 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.04% 56
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1984[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|35.81% 1,901 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|64.11% 3,403 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.08% 4
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1980[26] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|31.24% 1,545 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|54.79% 2,710 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|13.97% 691
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1976[27] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|31.51% 1,639 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|66.28% 3,448 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|2.21% 115
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1972[28] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|28.99% 1,238 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|71.01% 3,033 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.00% 0
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1968[29] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|39.83% 1,540 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|59.39% 2,296 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.78% 30

Media

Cape Elizabeth is served by a community newspaper, the Cape Courier.[30] The nonprofit, biweekly paper is largely supported by volunteers, and was started by Ellen Van Fleet and Jan Soland in 1988.[31]

In 1881, the Cape Elizabeth Sentinel was published in Ferry Village, now a part of South Portland. This weekly lasted nearly 30 years.[32]

Sites of interest

Notable people

References

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  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ [1] Information, Cape Elizabeth
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links

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