Juglans californica
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Juglans californica, the California black walnut, also called the California walnut, or the Southern California black walnut,[1] is a large shrub or small tree (about Script error: No such module "convert".[2]) of the walnut family, Juglandaceae, endemic to the Central Valley and the Coast Range valleys from Northern to Southern California.
Distribution
Juglans californica is generally found in the valleys and adjacent slopes of the California Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, and Peninsular Ranges. It grows as part of mixed woodlands, and also on slopes and in valleys wherever conditions are favorable. It is threatened by development and overgrazing.[1] Some native stands remain in urban Los Angeles in the Santa Monica Mountains, Hollywood Hills, and Repetto Hills. J. californica grows in riparian woodlands, either in single species stands or mixed with California's oaks (Quercus spp.) and cottonwoods (Populus fremontii). Climate model predictions indicate that *Juglans californica* may expand its range northward in response to warmer and drier conditions, potentially occupying areas currently inhabited by the endangered *Juglans hindsii* (Northern California black walnut).[3]
Description
Juglans californica can be either a large shrub with 1–5 trunks, or a small, single-trunked tree. The main trunk can fork close to the ground, making it look like two trees that have grown together, then diverged. It has thick bark, deeply channeled or furrowed at maturity. It has large, pinnately compound leaves with 11–19 lanceolate leaflets with toothed margins and no hair in the vein angles.[4] It has a small hard nut in a shallowly grooved, thick shell that is difficult to remove. The tallest Juglans californica trees can reach up to 11 meters in height, though only about 10% of the population exceeds 5 meters.[5]
Uses
Food
The nuts are edible[6] and are eaten by the Chumash people of the Channel Islands of California and Ventura County as well as by the Tongva of Los Angeles County.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". They are not grown commercially as food.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Cultivation
Juglans californica is cultivated throughout California to support the walnut industry, used as a rootstock in English walnut orchards. It is also cultivated as an ornamental tree where it is planted in California native plant, xeriscape, and wildlife habitat gardens and natural landscaping in California, and in Hawaii.
Taxonomy
Some authorities (e.g. the California Native Plant Society) combine this species with Juglans hindsii. On the other hand, a 2007 molecular analysis of the genus[7] suggests J. californica is sister to the remaining black walnuts (section Rhysocaryon). This article follows the conventions of The Jepson Manual.[8][9]
References
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- ↑ a b Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
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- ↑ Kershner, Mathews, Nelson, and Spellenberg, National Wildlife Federation field Guide to Trees of North America, 2008, Chanticleer Press, Inc. p. 229
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- ↑ Aradhya, M. K, D. Potter, F. Gao, & C. J. Simon: "Molecular phylogeny of Juglans (Juglandaceae): a biogeographic perspective: Tree Genetics & Genomes (2007)3:363–378
- ↑ Juglans californica S. Watson var. hindsii Jeps.
- ↑ Juglans hindsii Jeps. ex R. E. Sm.
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Further reading
- Anderson, E. N. "Some preliminary observations on the California black walnut (Juglans californica)" in Fremontia: A Journal of the California Native Plant Society. January 2002.
External links
- Pages with script errors
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- Juglans
- Endemic flora of California
- Trees of Northern America
- Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
- Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
- Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
- Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
- Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
- Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
- Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
- Trees of Mediterranean climate
- Edible nuts and seeds
- Plants used in Native American cuisine
- Pre-Columbian California cuisine
- Garden plants of North America
- Drought-tolerant plants
- Ornamental trees