Caldwell catalogue

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Template:Use British English Template:Short description Template:Infobox astronomical survey

The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.[1]

While the Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation, Moore noted that Messier's list was not compiled for that purpose and excluded many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects,[1] such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was actually compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets. Moore also observed that since Messier compiled his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae.[1][2] Moore compiled a list of 109 objects to match the commonly accepted number of Messier objects (he excluded M110[3]), and the list was published in Sky & Telescope in December 1995.[3]

Moore used his other surname – Caldwell – to name the list, since the initial of "Moore" is already used for the Messier catalogue.[1][4] Entries in the catalogue are designated with a "C" and the catalogue number (1 to 109).

Unlike objects in the Messier catalogue, which are listed roughly in the order of discovery by Messier and his colleagues,[5] the Caldwell catalogue is ordered by declination, with C1 being the most northerly and C109 being the most southerly,[1] although two objects (NGC 4244 and the Hyades) are listed out of sequence.[1] Other errors in the original list have since been corrected: it incorrectly identified the S Norma Cluster (NGC 6087) as NGC 6067 and incorrectly labelled the Lambda Centauri Cluster (IC 2944) as the Gamma Centauri Cluster.[1]

Reception

The Caldwell Catalogue has generated controversy in the amateur astronomy community for several reasons.[6]

  • Moore did not discover any of the objects in his catalogue which are often very well known objects and not 'neglected' as claimed by Moore.
  • Its presentation as a catalogue with distinct designations, rather than a list, potentially may cause confusion amongst amateur astronomers as the 'C' Designation is not commonly used.
  • The list was promoted as an extension of the Messier Catalogue, however the objects are often arbitrary with many easily viewable objects omitted while some objects not readily available to visual observers are included.

Caldwell advocates, however, see the catalogue as a useful list of some of the brightest and best known non-Messier deep-sky objects. Thus, advocates dismiss any "controversy" as being fabricated by older amateurs simply not able or willing to memorize the new designations despite every telescope database using the Caldwell IDs as the primary designation since the late 1990s. NASA/Hubble also lists the 109 objects by their Caldwell number.

Caldwell star chart

File:CaldwellStarChart.svg
Caldwell Star Chart

Number of objects by type in the Caldwell catalogue

Type of object Number
of objects
Dark nebulae 1
Galaxies 35
Globular clusters 18
Nebulae 9
Star clusters 25
Star clusters and nebulae 6
Planetary nebulae 13
Supernova remnants 2
Total 109

Caldwell objects

Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2

Caldwell number NGC number Common name Image Type Distance
(1000 ly) 		Constellation Apparent magnitude
Template:HsC1 NGC 188 Polarissima Cluster File:C1 = NGC 188.jpg Open Cluster 4.8 Cepheus 8.1
Template:HsC2 NGC 40 Bow-Tie Nebula File:Ngc40.jpg Planetary Nebula 3.5 Cepheus 11
Template:HsC3 NGC 4236   File:NGC4236 JeffJohnson.jpg Barred Spiral Galaxy 7,000 Draco 9.7
Template:HsC4 NGC 7023 Iris Nebula File:Iris1HunterWilson.jpg Open Cluster and Nebula 1.4 Cepheus 7
Template:HsC5 IC 342 Hidden Galaxy[7] File:IC342.jpg Spiral Galaxy 10,000 Camelopardalis 9
Template:HsC6 NGC 6543 Cat's Eye Nebula File:N6543s.jpg Planetary Nebula 3 Draco 9
Template:HsC7 NGC 2403   File:NGC 2403 CDK Large 04.jpg Spiral Galaxy 14,000 Camelopardalis 8.4
Template:HsC8 NGC 559   File:NGC 559.png Open Cluster 3.7 Cassiopeia 9.5
Template:HsC9 Sh2-155 Cave Nebula File:Cave Nebula.jpg Nebula 2.8 Cepheus 7.7
Template:HsC10 NGC 663   File:NGC663HunterWilson.jpg Open Cluster 7.2 Cassiopeia 7.1
Template:HsC11 NGC 7635 Bubble Nebula File:The Bubble Nebula - NGC 7635 - Heic1608a.jpg Nebula 7.1 Cassiopeia 10
Template:HsC12 NGC 6946 Fireworks Galaxy File:SpiralGalaxy NGC6946.jpg Spiral Galaxy 18,000 Cepheus 8.9
Template:HsC13 NGC 457 Owl Cluster, E.T. Cluster File:NGC457.jpg Open Cluster - Cassiopeia 6.4
Template:HsC14 NGC 869 & NGC 884 Double Cluster, h & χ Persei File:NGC869NGC884.jpg Open Cluster 7.3 Perseus 4
Template:HsC15 NGC 6826 Blinking Planetary File:NGC 6826HSTFull.jpg Planetary Nebula 2.2 Cygnus 10
Template:HsC16 NGC 7243   File:NGC 7243 .jpg Open Cluster 2.5 Lacerta 6.4
Template:HsC17 NGC 147   File:NGC 0147 2MASS.jpg Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy 2,300 Cassiopeia 9.3
Template:HsC18 NGC 185   File:Ngc185 rgb combined.jpg Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy 2,300 Cassiopeia 9.2
Template:HsC19 IC 5146 Cocoon Nebula File:Cocoon-Nebula.jpg Open Cluster and Nebula 3.3 Cygnus 7.2
Template:HsC20 NGC 7000 North America Nebula File:Nord america.jpg Nebula 2.6 Cygnus 4
Template:HsC21 NGC 4449   File:Starburst in NGC 4449 (captured by the Hubble Space Telescope).jpg Irregular galaxy 10,000 Canes Venatici 9.4
Template:HsC22 NGC 7662 Blue Snowball File:Ngc7662hst.jpg Planetary Nebula 3.2 Andromeda 9
Template:HsC23 NGC 891 Silver Sliver Galaxy File:NGC891HunterWilson.jpg Spiral Galaxy 31,000 Andromeda 10
Template:HsC24 NGC 1275 Perseus A File:NGC 1275 Hubble.jpg Supergiant Elliptical Galaxy 230,000 Perseus 11.6
Template:HsC25 NGC 2419   File:NGC 2419.jpg Globular Cluster 275 Lynx 10.4
Template:HsC26 NGC 4244   File:NGC4244.jpg Spiral Galaxy 10,000 Canes Venatici 10.2
Template:HsC27 NGC 6888 Crescent Nebula File:CrescentBicolorHunterWilson.jpg Nebula 4.7 Cygnus 7.4
Template:HsC28 NGC 752   File:NGC 752.png Open Cluster 1.2 Andromeda 5.7
Template:HsC29 NGC 5005   File:NGC 5005.jpg Spiral Galaxy 69,000 Canes Venatici 9.8
Template:HsC30 NGC 7331   File:NGC 7331 zoomed.jpg Spiral Galaxy 47,000 Pegasus 9.5
Template:HsC31 IC 405 Flaming Star Nebula File:FlamingStarHunterWilson.jpg Nebula 1.6 Auriga 13
Template:HsC32 NGC 4631 Whale Galaxy File:NGC4631-stargazer-obs.jpg Barred Spiral Galaxy 22,000 Canes Venatici 9.3
Template:HsC33 NGC 6992 East Veil Nebula File:Eastern Veil.jpg Supernova Remnant 2.5 Cygnus 7
Template:HsC34 NGC 6960 West Veil Nebula File:WestVeilHunterWilson.jpg Supernova Remnant 2.5 Cygnus 7
Template:HsC35 NGC 4889 Coma B File:Caldwell 35.jpg Supergiant Elliptical Galaxy 300,000 Coma Berenices 11.4
Template:HsC36 NGC 4559   File:NGC 4559 I FUV g2006.jpg Spiral Galaxy 32,000 Coma Berenices 9.9
Template:HsC37 NGC 6885   File:NGC 6885.png Open Cluster 1.95 Vulpecula 6
Template:HsC38 NGC 4565 Needle Galaxy File:Needle Galaxy 4565.jpeg Spiral Galaxy 32,000 Coma Berenices 9.6
Template:HsC39 NGC 2392 Eskimo Nebula, Clown Face Nebula[8] File:Ngc2392.jpg Planetary Nebula 4 Gemini 10
Template:HsC40 NGC 3626 File:NGC3626 - SDSS DR14.jpg Lenticular Galaxy 86,000 Leo 10.9
Template:HsC41 Mel 25 Hyades File:Hyades.jpg Open Cluster 0.151 Taurus 0.5
Template:HsC42 NGC 7006   File:Caldwell 42.jpg Globular Cluster 135 Delphinus 10.6
Template:HsC43 NGC 7814   File:NGC7814HunterWilson.jpg Spiral Galaxy 49,000 Pegasus 10.5
Template:HsC44 NGC 7479 Superman Galaxy File:NGC7479 Goran Nilsson & The Liverpool Telescope.jpg Barred Spiral Galaxy 106,000 Pegasus 11
Template:HsC45 NGC 5248   File:N5248s.jpg Spiral Galaxy 74,000 Boötes 10.2
Template:HsC46 NGC 2261 Hubble's Variable Nebula File:Ngc2261.jpg Nebula 2.5 Monoceros -
Template:HsC47 NGC 6934   File:NGC 6934 Hubble WikiSky.jpg Globular Cluster 57 Delphinus 8.9
Template:HsC48 NGC 2775   File:NGC 2775.png Spiral Galaxy 55,000 Cancer 10.3
Template:HsC49 NGC 2237 Rosette Nebula File:Rosette Nebula NGC 2237 - C49.png Nebula 4.9 Monoceros 9.0
Template:HsC50 NGC 2244 Satellite Cluster[9] File:Rosette Nebula in Monoceros.jpg Open Cluster 4.9 Monoceros 4.8
Template:HsC51 IC 1613   File:IC1613-3.jpg Irregular galaxy 2,300 Cetus 9.3
Template:HsC52 NGC 4697  

File:NGC 4697 HST 10003 R850 B475.png

Elliptical galaxy 76,000 Virgo 9.3
Template:HsC53 NGC 3115 Spindle Galaxy File:NGC 3115 2MASS.jpg Lenticular Galaxy 22,000 Sextans 9.2
Template:HsC54 NGC 2506   File:NGC 2506.png Open Cluster 10 Monoceros 7.6
Template:HsC55 NGC 7009 Saturn Nebula File:Ngc7009 hst big.jpg Planetary Nebula 1.4 Aquarius 8
Template:HsC56 NGC 246 Skull Nebula[10] File:NGC 246.jpg Planetary Nebula 1.6 Cetus 8
Template:HsC57 NGC 6822 Barnard's Galaxy File:NGC6822.jpg Barred irregular galaxy 2,300 Sagittarius 9
Template:HsC58 NGC 2360 Caroline's Cluster File:NGC2360 - SDSS DR14 (panorama).jpg Open Cluster 3.7 Canis Major 7.2
Template:HsC59 NGC 3242 Ghost of Jupiter File:NGC 3242 "Ghost of Jupiter".png Planetary Nebula 1.4 Hydra 9
Template:HsC60 NGC 4038 Antennae Galaxies File:NGC4038 Large 01.jpg Interacting galaxy 83,000 Corvus 10.7
Template:HsC61 NGC 4039 Antennae Galaxies File:NGC4038 Large 01.jpg Interacting galaxy 83,000 Corvus 13
Template:HsC62 NGC 247   File:Wide Field Imager view of the spiral galaxy NGC 247.jpg Spiral Galaxy 6,800 Cetus 8.9
Template:HsC63 NGC 7293 Helix Nebula File:NGC 7293.jpg Planetary Nebula 0.522 Aquarius 7.3
Template:HsC64 NGC 2362 Tau Canis Majoris Cluster File:Starshine in Canis Major NGC 2362.tif Open Cluster and Nebula 5.1 Canis Major 4.1
Template:HsC65 NGC 253 Sculptor Galaxy File:Ngc253 2mass barred spiral.jpg Spiral Galaxy 9,800 Sculptor 7.1
Template:HsC66 NGC 5694   File:NGC 5694.jpg Globular Cluster 113 Hydra 10.2
Template:HsC67 NGC 1097   File:NGC1097 - ESO - eso0438d.jpg Barred Spiral Galaxy 47,000 Fornax 9.3
Template:HsC68 NGC 6729 R CrA Nebula File:NGC 6729.jpg Nebula 0.424 Corona Australis -
Template:HsC69 NGC 6302 Bug Nebula File:NGC 6302 Hubble 2009.full.jpg Planetary Nebula 5.2 Scorpius 13
Template:HsC70 NGC 300 Sculptor Pinwheel Galaxy File:View of the southern spiral NGC 300.jpg Spiral Galaxy 3,900 Sculptor 9
Template:HsC71 NGC 2477   File:NGC2477.jpg Open Cluster 3.7 Puppis 5.8
Template:HsC72 NGC 55 String of Pearls Galaxy File:Irregular Galaxy NGC 55 (ESO 0914a).jpg Barred Spiral Galaxy 4,200 Sculptor 8
Template:HsC73 NGC 1851   File:PIA07908.jpg Globular Cluster 39.4 Columba 7.3
Template:HsC74 NGC 3132 Eight Burst Nebula File:NGC 3132.jpg Planetary Nebula 2 Vela 8
Template:HsC75 NGC 6124   File:NGC 6124 large.png Open Cluster 1.5 Scorpius 5.8
Template:HsC76 NGC 6231   File:NGC6231 Chandra.jpg Open Cluster and Nebula 6 Scorpius 2.6
Template:HsC77 NGC 5128 Centaurus A File:NGC 5128 galaxy.jpg Elliptical or Lenticular Galaxy 16,000 Centaurus 7
Template:HsC78 NGC 6541   File:NGC 6541 hst 12516 R814G555B390.png Globular Cluster 22.3 Corona Australis 6.6
Template:HsC79 NGC 3201   File:NGC 3201.jpg Globular Cluster 17 Vela 6.8
Template:HsC80 NGC 5139 Omega Centauri File:Omega Centauri by ESO.jpg Globular Cluster 17.3 Centaurus 3.7
Template:HsC81 NGC 6352   File:NGC 6352.jpg Globular Cluster 18.6 Ara 8.2
Template:HsC82 NGC 6193   File:Rgb-ngc6193.jpg Open Cluster 4.3 Ara 5.2
Template:HsC83 NGC 4945   File:Spiral Galaxy NGC 4945.jpg Barred Spiral Galaxy 17,000 Centaurus 9
Template:HsC84 NGC 5286   File:NGC 5286 hlsp acsggct hst acs-wfc R606 hst 13297 B336.png Globular Cluster 36 Centaurus 7.6
Template:HsC85 IC 2391 Omicron Velorum Cluster File:IC 2391 in Vele.jpg Open Cluster 0.5 Vela 2.5
Template:HsC86 NGC 6397   File:NGC 6397 (ESO).jpg Globular Cluster 7.5 Ara 5.7
Template:HsC87 NGC 1261   File:Ngc 1261.jpg Globular Cluster 55.5 Horologium 8.4
Template:HsC88 NGC 5823   File:NGC 5823.png Open Cluster 3.4 Circinus 7.9
Template:HsC89 NGC 6087[note 1] S Normae Cluster File:NGC 6087 full.png Open Cluster 3.3 Norma 5.4
Template:HsC90 NGC 2867   File:NGC 2867HST.jpg Planetary Nebula 5.5 Carina 10
Template:HsC91 NGC 3532 Wishing Well Cluster File:Eso1439a.jpg Open Cluster 1.6 Carina 3
Template:HsC92 NGC 3372 Eta Carinae Nebula File:Carina Nebula.jpg Nebula 7.5 Carina 3
Template:HsC93 NGC 6752 Great Peacock Globular[11] File:Star cluster NGC 6752.jpg Globular Cluster 13 Pavo 5.4
Template:HsC94 NGC 4755 Jewel Box File:A Snapshot of the Jewel Box cluster with the ESO VLT.jpg Open Cluster 4.9 Crux 4.2
Template:HsC95 NGC 6025   File:NGC 6025.jpg Open Cluster 2.5 Triangulum Australe 5.1
Template:HsC96 NGC 2516 Southern Beehive Cluster File:NGC 2516.jpg Open Cluster 1.3 Carina 3.8
Template:HsC97 NGC 3766 Pearl Cluster File:Star cluster NGC 3766.jpg Open Cluster 5.8 Centaurus 5.3
Template:HsC98 NGC 4609   File:NGC 4609 large.png Open Cluster 4.2 Crux 6.9
Template:HsC99 - Coalsack Nebula File:Coalsack-ESO-B06.jpg Dark Nebula 0.61 Crux -
Template:HsC100 IC 2944 Lambda Centauri Nebula File:The Very Large Telescope Snaps a Stellar Nursery and Celebrates Fifteen Years of Operations.jpg Open Cluster and Nebula 6 Centaurus 4.5
Template:HsC101 NGC 6744   File:Wide Field Imager view of a Milky Way look-alike NGC 6744.jpg Spiral Galaxy 34,000 Pavo 9
Template:HsC102 IC 2602 Theta Car Cluster File:The Southern Pleiades (IC 2602).jpg Open Cluster 0.492 Carina 1.9
Template:HsC103 NGC 2070 Tarantula Nebula File:Tarantula Nebula TRAPPIST.jpg Open Cluster and Nebula 170 Dorado 8.2
Template:HsC104 NGC 362   File:GALEX image of NGC 362.jpg Globular Cluster 27.7 Tucana 6.6
Template:HsC105 NGC 4833   File:NGC 4833 Hubble WikiSky.jpg Globular Cluster 19.6 Musca 7.4
Template:HsC106 NGC 104 47 Tucanae File:New VISTA snap of star cluster 47 Tucanae.jpg Globular Cluster 14.7 Tucana 4
Template:HsC107 NGC 6101   File:NGC 6101.jpg Globular Cluster 49.9 Apus 9.3
Template:HsC108 NGC 4372   File:NGC 4372 in Musca.jpg Globular Cluster 18.9 Musca 7.8
Template:HsC109 NGC 3195   File:Ngc3195.jpg Planetary Nebula 5.4 Chamaeleon 11.6
Caldwell number NGC number Common name Image Object type Distance to object in thousands of light years Constellation Apparent magnitude

Template:Reflist

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Caldwell catalogue

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects, 2nd Edition, Stephen James O'Meara, 2016, p.181
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ "The Night Sky", Astronomy Now, Oct 2008.
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".


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