Prunus serotina

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use mdy dates Template:Speciesbox Prunus serotina, commonly called black cherry,[1] wild black cherry, rum cherry,[2] or mountain black cherry,[3] is a deciduous tree or shrub[2] in the rose family Rosaceae. Despite its common names, it is not very closely related to commonly cultivated cherries. It is found in the Americas.

Description

Prunus serotina is a medium-sized, fast-growing forest tree growing to a height of Script error: No such module "convert".. The leaves are Script error: No such module "convert". long, ovate-lanceolate in shape, with finely toothed margins. Fall leaf color is yellow to red. Flowers are small, white and 5-petalled, in racemes Template:Cvt long which contain several dozen flowers. The flowers give rise to reddish-black "berries" (drupes) fed on by birds,[2] Script error: No such module "convert". in diameter.[4][5]

For about its first decade the bark of a black cherry tree is thin, smooth, and banded, resembling a birch. A mature tree has very broken, dark gray to black bark. The leaves are long and shiny, resembling a sourwood's. An almond-like odour is released when a young twig is scratched and held close to the nose, revealing minute amounts of cyanide compounds produced and stored by the plant as a defense mechanism against herbivores.[6][7]

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Biochemistry

Like apricots and apples, the seeds of black cherries contain cyanogenic glycosides (compounds that can be converted into cyanide), such as amygdalin.[8][9] These compounds release hydrogen cyanide when the seed is ground or minced, which releases enzymes that break down the compounds.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". These enzymes include amygdalin beta-glucosidase, prunasin beta-glucosidase and mandelonitrile lyase.[10] In contrast, although the flesh of black cherries also contains these glycosides, it does not contain the enzymes needed to convert them to cyanide, so the flesh is safe to eat.[11]

The foliage, particularly when wilted, also contains cyanogenic glycosides, which convert to hydrogen cyanide if eaten by animals.[12] Farmers are recommended to remove any trees that fall in a field containing livestock, because the wilted leaves could poison the animals. Removal is not always practical, though, because these trees often grow in very large numbers on farms, taking advantage of the light brought about by mowing and grazing. Entire fencerows can be lined with this poisonous tree, making it difficult to monitor all the branches falling into the grazing area. Black cherry is a leading cause of livestock illness,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". and grazing animals' access to it should be limited.

Similar species

Black cherry is closely related to the chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), which tends to be shorter (a shrub or small tree) and has smaller, less glossy leaves.

Subdivisions

Prunus serotina belongs to Prunus subg. Padus[13][14][15] and has the following subspecies and varieties:[16]

  • Prunus serotina subsp. capuli (Cav. ex Spreng.) McVaugh – central + southern Mexico
  • Prunus serotina subsp. eximia (Small) McVaugh – Texas
  • Prunus serotina subsp. hirsuta (Elliott) McVaugh (syn. Prunus serotina var. alabamensis (C. Mohr) Little) – southeastern United States
  • Prunus serotina subsp. serotina – Canada, United States, Mexico, Guatemala
  • Prunus serotina subsp. virens (Wooton & Standl.) McVaugh – southwestern United States, northern + central Mexico
    • Prunus serotina var. virens (Wooton & Standl.) McVaugh
    • Prunus serotina var. rufula (Wooton & Standl.) McVaugh

Distribution and habitat

The species is widespread and common in North America and South America.[4][17][18][19]

Ecology

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Galls made by the mite Eriophyes cerasicrumena
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Black knot infection

Prunus serotina is a pioneer species. In the Midwest, it is seen growing mostly in old fields with other sunlight-loving species, such as black walnut, black locust, and hackberry. Gleason and Cronquist (1991) describe P. serotina as "[f]ormerly a forest tree, now abundant as a weed-tree of roadsides, waste land, and forest-margins".[20] It is a moderately long-lived tree, with ages of up to 258 years known, though it is prone to storm damage,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". with branches breaking easily; any decay resulting, however, only progresses slowly. Fruit production begins around 10 years of age, but does not become heavy until 30 years and continues up to 100 years or more. Germination rates are high, and the seeds are widely dispersed by birds and bears[21] who eat the fruit and then excrete them. Some seeds however may remain in the soil bank and not germinate for as long as three years. All Prunus species have hard seeds that benefit from scarification to germinate (which in nature is produced by passing through an animal's digestive tract).Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The tree is hardy and can tolerate poor soils and oceanic salt sprays.[22]

P. serotina hosts the caterpillars of more than 450 species of butterflies and moths, including those of the eastern tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus), cherry gall azure (Celastrina serotina), viceroy (Limenitis archippus), and red-spotted purple/white admiral (Limenitis arthemis) butterflies and the cecropia (Hyalophora cecropia), promethea (Callosamia promethea), polyphemus (Antheraea polyphemus), small-eyed sphinx (Paonias myops), wild cherry sphinx (Sphinx drupiferarum), banded tussock (Halysidota tessellaris), spotted apatelodes (Apatelodes torrefacta), and band-edged prominent moths.[23]

Deer browse the foliage.[21]

Pests and diseases

Hyphantria cunea can inhibit the impact of cyanide within the plants' leaves due to its alkaline stomach acid.[24] The eastern tent caterpillar defoliates entire groves some springs.

Uses

Prunus serotina subsp. capuli was cultivated in Central and South America well before European contact.[25]

Known as capolcuahuitl in Nahuatl (the source of the capuli epithet), it was an important food in pre-Columbian Mexico. Native Americans ate the fruit.[21] Edible raw, the fruit is also made into jelly, and the juice can be used as a drink mixer, hence the common name 'rum cherry'.[26]

Prunus serotina timber is valuable; perhaps the premier cabinetry timber of the U.S., traded as "cherry". High quality cherry timber is known for its strong orange hues, tight grain and high price. Low-quality wood, as well as the sap wood, can be more tan. Its density when dried is around Template:Cvt.[27]

Prunus serotina was widely introduced into Western and Central Europe as an ornamental tree[28] in the mid-20th century,[29][30] where it has become locally naturalized.[28] It has acted as an invasive species there, negatively affecting forest community biodiversity and regeneration.[31][32]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference, Second Edition. CRC Press; 19 April 2016. Template:ISBN. p. 833–.
  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Template:EFloras
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Template:Missouri Plants
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Template:BONAP
  18. ↑ Morales Quirós, J. F. 2014. Rosaceae. En: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. VII. B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 129: 437–463
  19. ↑ Jørgensen, P. M., M. H. Nee & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 2014. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia, Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 127(1–2): i–viii, 1–1744.
  20. ↑ Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. "Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, Second Edition." The New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, New York.
  21. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Multiple sources:
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  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Wood Database: Black Cherry. Accessed September 16, 2024.
  28. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Starfinger U. 1997. Introduction and naturalization of Prunus serotina in Central Europe. In: "Plant Invasions: Studies from North America and Europe" (eds by J.H. Brock, M. Wade, P.Pysek, D. Green). Backhuys Publ. Leiden: 161-171.
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Stypiński P. 1979. Stanowiska czeremchy amerykańskiej Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh. w lasach państwowych Pojezierza Mazurskiego. Rocznik dendrologiczny (in Polish). 32: 191-204.
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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External links

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