Brassica
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Automatic taxobox Brassica (Script error: No such module "IPAc-en".) is a genus of plants in the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, mustard plants, or simply brassicas.[1] Crops from this genus are sometimes called cole cropsTemplate:Mdashderived from the Latin Script error: No such module "Lang"., denoting the stem or stalk of a plant.[2]
The genus Brassica is known for its important agricultural and horticultural crops and also includes a number of weeds, both of wild taxa and escapees from cultivation. Brassica species and varieties commonly used for food include bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, collard greens, choy sum, kale, kohlrabi, napa cabbage, rutabaga, turnip and some seeds used in the production of canola oil and the condiment mustard. Over 30 wild species and hybrids are in cultivation, plus numerous cultivars and hybrids of cultivated origin. Most are seasonal plants (annuals or biennials), but some are small shrubs. Brassica plants have been the subject of much scientific interest for their agricultural importance. Six particular species (B. carinata, B. juncea, B. oleracea, B. napus, B. nigra, and B. rapa) evolved by the combining of chromosomes from three earlier species, as described by the triangle of U theory.
The genus is native to Western Europe, the Mediterranean and temperate regions of Asia. Many wild species grow as weeds, especially in North America, South America, and Australia.
A dislike for cabbage or broccoli may result from the fact that these plants contain a compound similar to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), which is either bitter or tasteless to people depending on their taste buds.[3]
Uses
Food
The flowers, seeds, stalks, and tender leaves of many species of Brassica can be eaten raw or cooked.[4] Almost all parts of some species have been developed for food, including the root (swede/rutabaga, turnip), stems (kohlrabi), leaves (cabbage, collard greens, kale), flowers (cauliflower, broccoli, romanesco broccoli), buds (Brussels sprouts, cabbage), and seeds (many, including mustard seed, and oil-producing rapeseed). Some forms with white or purple foliage or flowerheads are also sometimes grown for ornament.
Brassica species are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species.
Cooking
Boiling substantially reduces the levels of broccoli glucosinolates, while other cooking methods, such as steaming, microwaving, and stir frying, have no significant effect on glucosinolate levels.[5]
Species
The following species are accepted:[6]
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- Brassica assyriaca MouterdeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica aucheri Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica baldensis (Prosser & Bertolli) Prosser & BertolliScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica balearica Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mallorca cabbage
- Brassica barrelieri (L.) JankaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica beytepeensis Yıld.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica bourgeaui (Webb ex Christ) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica cadmea Heldr. ex O.E.SchulzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica carinata A.BraunScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Abyssinian mustard or Abyssinian cabbage, used to produce biodiesel
- Brassica cretica Lam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica deflexa Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica deserti Danin & HedgeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica desnottesii Emb. & MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica dimorpha Coss. & DurieuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica elongata Ehrh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – elongated mustard
- Brassica fruticulosa CirilloScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mediterranean cabbage
- Brassica gravinae Ten.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica hilarionis PostScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – St. Hilarion cabbage
- Brassica incana Ten.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica insularis MorisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Indian mustard, brown and leaf mustards, Sarepta mustard
- Brassica loncholoma PomelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica macrocarpa Guss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica maurorum DurieuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica montana Pourr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica napus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – rapeseed, rutabaga, Siberian kale
- Brassica nivalis Boiss. & Heldr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica oleracea L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – kale, cabbage, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, kai-lan, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi
- Brassica oxyrrhina Coss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica procumbens (Poir.) O.E.SchulzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica rapa L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Chinese cabbage, turnip, rapini
- Brassica repanda (Willd.) DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica rupestris Raf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica setulosa (Boiss. & Reut.) Coss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica somalensis Hedge & A.G.Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica souliei (Batt.) Batt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica spinescens PomelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica taiwanensis S.S.YingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica taurica (Tzvelev) TzvelevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica trichocarpa C.Brullo, Brullo, Giusso & IlardiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica tyrrhena Giotta, Piccitto & ArrigoniScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brassica villosa Biv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Species formerly placed in Brassica
- B. alba or B. hirta (white or yellow mustard)—see Sinapis alba
- B. geniculata (hoary mustard)—see Hirschfeldia incana
- B. kaber (wild mustard or charlock)—see Rhamphospermum arvense
- B. nigra —see Rhamphospermum nigrum
Genome sequencing and genetics
Bayer CropScience (in collaboration with BGI-Shenzhen, China; KeyGene; the Netherlands and the University of Queensland, Australia) announced it had sequenced the entire genome of rapeseed (canola, Brassica napus) and its constituent genomes present in B. rapa and B. oleracea in 2009.[7] The B. rapa genome was sequenced by the Multinational Brassica Genome Project in 2011.[8] This also represents the A genome component of the amphidiploid crop species B. napus and B. juncea.
Etymology
'Brassica' was Pliny the Elder's name for several cabbage-like plants.[9]
References
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- ↑ Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN (hardback), Template:ISBN (paperback). pp 76
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External links
Template:Brassica Template:Taxonbar Script error: No such module "Authority control".