Royal Indian Navy

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The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) was the naval force of British India and the Dominion of India. Along with the presidency armies, later the Indian Army, and from 1932 the Royal Indian Air Force, it was one of the Armed Forces of British India.

From its origins in 1612 as the East India Company's Marine, the Navy underwent various changes, including changes to its name. Over time it was named the Bombay Marine (1686), the Bombay Marine Corps (1829), the Indian Navy (1830), Her Majesty's Indian Navy (1858), the Bombay and Bengal Marine (1863), the Indian Defence Force (1871), Her Majesty's Indian Marine (1877) and the Royal Indian Marine (1892). It was finally named the Royal Indian Navy in 1934. However, it remained a relatively small force until the Second World War, when it was greatly expanded.

After the partition of India into two independent states in 1947, the Navy was split between India and Pakistan. One-third of the assets and personnel were assigned to the Pakistan Navy. Approximately two thirds of the fleet remained with the Union of India, as did all land assets within its territory. This force, still under the name of "Royal Indian Navy", became the navy of the Dominion of India until the country became a republic on 26 January 1950. It was then renamed the Indian Navy.

History

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File:Battery breaching the Delhi Gate of the town, manned by European sailors of the Indian Navy. Jan. 1, 1849 - ILN 1849.jpg
Sailors of the Indian Navy breaching the Delhi gates during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Organisation of Royal Indian Marine, 1914
Organisation of Royal Indian Marine, 1914
File:HMIS Bombay (305827).jpg
HMIS Bombay in Sydney Harbour, 1942.
File:Commonwealth Forces in Burma IND4428.jpg
Royal Indian Naval personnel on board a landing craft during combined operations off Myebon, Burma, January 1945.
File:The Allied Occupation of Japan IND5225.jpg
HMIS Sutlej leaves Hong Kong for Japan as part of the Allied forces of occupation.

East India Company

1612–1830, the Bombay Marine

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The East India Company was established in 1599, and it began to create a fleet of fighting ships in 1612, soon after Captain Thomas Best defeated the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally. This led the company to build a port and to establish a small navy based at Suvali, in Surat, Gujarat, to protect its trade routes. The Company named the force the 'Honourable East India Company's Marine', and the first fighting ships arrived on 5 September 1612.[1]

This force protected merchant shipping off the Gulf of Cambay and the rivers Tapti and Narmada. The ships also helped map the coastlines of India, Persia and Arabia.[2] During the 17th century, the small naval fleet consisted of a few English warships and a large number of locally built gunboats of two types, ghurabs and gallivats, crewed by local fishermen. The larger ghurabs were heavy, shallow-draft gunboats of 300 tons (bm) each, and carried six 9 to 12-pounder guns; the smaller gallivats were about 70 tons (bm) each and carried six 2 to 4-pounder guns.[3] In 1635, the East India Company established a shipyard at Surat, where they built four pinnaces and a few larger vessels to supplement their fleet.[4]

In 1686, with most of the English commerce moving to Bombay, the force was renamed the "Bombay Marine".[1] This force fought the Marathas and the Sidis and took part in the Anglo-Burmese Wars. While it recruited Indian sailors extensively, it had no Indian commissioned officers.[2]

Commodore William James was appointed to command the Marine in 1751. On 2 April 1755, commanding the Bombay Marine's ship Protector, he attacked the Maratha fortress of Tulaji Angre at Severndroog between Bombay and Goa. James had instructions only to blockade the stronghold, but he was able to get close enough to bombard and destroy it.[2]

In February 1756, the Marine supported the capture of Gheriah (Vijaydurg Fort) by Robert Clive and Admiral Watson, and was active in skirmishes against the French, helping to consolidate the British position in India.[2] In 1809, a fleet of 12 ships of the Marine bombarded the city of Ras al-Khaimah, a pirate stronghold, in an unsuccessful attempt to quell Arab piracy. A subsequent mission in 1819 with 11 vessels proved successful in blockading the city for four days, after which the tribal chieftain surrendered.

In 1829, the "Bombay Marine" received the additional name of "Corps", and also received its first steam-powered vessel, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".. Steaming from Bombay on 20 March 1830, Hugh Lindsay reached Suez after 21 days under steam (plus coaling stops at Aden, Mocha, and Jeddah), at an average speed of six knots.[5] Between 1830 and 1854 the Indian Navy was responsible for maintaining mail service on the Bombay and Suez leg of the "overland route" (England–Alexandria, Alexandria–Suez overland, and Suez–Bombay).

1830–1858

In 1830, the Bombay Marine was renamed the "Indian Navy". The British capture of Aden in the Aden Expedition increased its commitments, leading to the creation of the "Indus Flotilla". The Navy then took part in the First Opium War of 1840.[2] By 1845, the Indian Navy had completed the conversion from sail to steam.[5]

In 1848, an Indian Navy contingent of 100 ratings and seven officers took part in the Siege of Multan during the Anglo-Sikh War.[6] In 1852, at the outset of the Second Anglo-Burmese War, ships of Her Majesty's Indian Navy joined a Royal Navy force under the command of Admiral Charles Austen to assist General Godwin in the capture of Martaban and Rangoon.[7] Nabarun Rudra Paul, the great captain of India leased that time.

Direct British rule in India

After the end of Company rule in India following the Indian rebellion of 1857, the force came under the command of the British government of India and was formally named "Her Majesty's Indian Navy".[2]

1858–1934

Her Majesty's Indian Navy resumed the name "Bombay Marine" from 1863 to 1877, when it was renamed "Her Majesty's Indian Marine" (HMIM). The Marine then had two divisions; an Eastern Division at Calcutta and a Western Division at Bombay.

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Short descriptionScript error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". As the HMIM wasn't covered by Naval Discipline Act 1866 (29 & 30 Vict. c. 109) or the Merchant Shipping Act 1854 (17 & 18 Vict. c. 104), the Governor General in Council was empowered to by the Indian Marine Service Act 1884 (47 & 48 Vict. c. 3)[8] to help formulate maritime and naval laws. These laws were first formulated and codified in the "Indian Marine Act, 1887[9]" and followed by an amendment act to the same in the next year.[10] The former adopted the general lines of the Naval Discipline and Indian Navy Acts as far as possible, whilst the latter merely supplied deficiencies in regard to grading and rating.[11]

In recognition of its fighting services, HMIM was given the title of "Royal Indian Marine" in 1892. By this time it consisted of over fifty vessels.[12] In 1905, the service was described as having "Government vessels engaged in troop-ship, surveying, police or revenue duties in the East Indies".[13]

When mines were detected off the coasts of Bombay and Aden, during the First World War, the Royal Indian Marine went into action with a fleet of minesweepers, patrol vessels and troop carriers. Besides patrolling, the Marine ferried troops and carried war stores from India to Mesopotamia (now Iraq), Egypt and East Africa.

The first Indian to be granted a commission was Engineer Sub-Lieutenant D.N. Mukherji, who joined the Royal Indian Marine as an officer on 6 January 1923.[14]

World War II

In 1934, the Royal Indian Marine changed its name, with the enactment of the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act 1934. The Royal Indian Navy was formally inaugurated on 2 October 1934, at Bombay.[15] Its ships carried the prefix HMIS, for His Majesty's Indian Ship.[16]

At the start of the Second World War, the Royal Indian Navy was small, with only eight warships. The onset of the war led to an expansion in vessels and personnel described by one writer as "phenomenal". By 1943 the strength of the RIN had reached twenty thousand.[17] During the war, the Women's Royal Indian Naval Service was established, for the first time giving women a role in the navy, although they did not serve on board its ships.[15]

During the course of the war, six anti-aircraft sloops and several fleet minesweepers were built in the United Kingdom for the RIN. After commissioning, many of these ships joined various escort groups operating in the northern approaches to the British Isles. Template:HMIS and Template:HMIS, each armed with six high-angle 4-inch guns, were present during the Clyde "Blitz" of 1941 and assisted the defence of this area by providing anti-aircraft cover. For the next six months these two ships joined the Clyde Escort Force, operating in the Atlantic and later the Irish Sea Escort Force where they acted as the senior ships of the groups. While engaged on these duties, numerous attacks against U-boats were carried out and attacks by hostile aircraft repelled. At the time of action in which the Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". was involved, the Sutlej left Scapa Flow, with all despatch as the senior member of a group, to take over a convoy from the destroyers which were finally engaged in the sinking of the Bismarck.[18]

Later Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS, also anti-aircraft sloops, completed similar periods in the U.K. waters escorting convoys in the Atlantic and dealing with attacks from hostile U-boats, aircraft and glider bombs. These six ships and the minesweepers all eventually proceeded to India carrying out various duties in the North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Cape stations en route. The fleet minesweepers were Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS, Template:HMIS.[18]

Four Australian-built Bathurst-class sloops served with the RIN from 1943 onwards. These included Template:HMIS, which was a part of the Eastern Fleet during World War II, and escorted numerous convoys between 1942 and 1945.[19]

The sloops Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Template:HMIS played a role in Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily by providing air defence and anti-submarine screening to the invasion fleet.[20][21]

Furthermore, the Royal Indian Navy participated in convoy escort duties in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean and was heavily involved in combat operations as part of the Burma Campaign, carrying out raids, shore bombardment, naval invasion support and other activities.[22]

Royal Indian Naval combat losses

The sloop HMIS Pathan was sunk in June 1940 by the Italian Navy Submarine Galvani during the East African Campaign[23][24][25][26]

In the days immediately following the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". was patrolling the Laccadive Islands in search of Japanese ships and submarines. At midnight on 9 December 1941, HMS Glasgow sank the RIN patrol vessel Template:HMIS with two lighters in tow en route to Karachi, with 6-inch shells at Script error: No such module "convert".. Prabhavati was alongside the lighters and was mistaken for a surfaced Japanese submarine.[27][28][29]

Template:HMIS was sunk by a Japanese aircraft during the Burma Campaign on 6 April 1942.[30]

Royal Indian Naval successes

Template:HMIS was ordered in 1939, and built by William Denny and Brothers. She was commissioned in 1941,[31] and with World War II underway, was immediately deployed as a convoy escort. Jumna served as an anti-aircraft escort during the Java Sea campaign in early 1942, and was involved in intensive anti-aircraft action against attacking Japanese twin-engined level bombers and dive bombers, claiming five aircraft downed from 24 to 28 February 1942.

In June 1942, Template:HMIS was involved in the defence of Sydney Harbour during the attack on Sydney Harbour.

On 11 November 1942, Bengal was escorting the Dutch tanker Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".[32] to the southwest of Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean. Two Japanese commerce raiders armed with six-inch guns attacked Ondina. Bengal fired her single four-inch gun and Ondina fired her 102 mm and both scored hits on Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., which shortly blew up and sank.[32][33]

On 12 February 1944, the Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". was depth charged and sunk east-south-east off Visakhapatnam, India by the Indian sloop Template:HMIS and the Australian corvettes Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".. Ro-110 had attacked convoy JC-36 (Colombo-Calcutta) and torpedoed and damaged the British merchant Asphalion (6,274 GRT).[31][34]

On 12 August 1944, the Template:GS was sunk near the Seychelles, in position 03º35'S, 52º49'E, by depth charges from Template:HMIS and the British frigate HMS Findhorn.[35][30]

Mutiny of 1946

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In February 1946, Indian sailors launched the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny on board more than fifty ships and in shore establishments, protesting about issues such as the slow rate of demobilization and discrimination in the Navy.[36] The mutiny found widespread support and spread all over India, including elements in the Army and the Air Force. A total of seventy-eight ships, twenty shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in this mutiny.

Transition to Independence and Partition

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On 1 March 1947, the designation of "Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy" was replaced with that of "Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy."[37] On 21 July 1947, H.M.S. Choudhry and Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman, both of whom later commanded the Pakistani and Indian Navies, respectively, became the first Indian RIN officers to attain the acting rank of captain.[38] Following India's independence in 1947 and the ensuing partition, the Royal Indian Navy was divided between the newly independent Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan, and the Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee divided the ships and men of the Royal Indian Navy between India and Pakistan. The division of the ships was on the basis of two-thirds of the fleet to India, one third to Pakistan.[39]

The committee allocated to the Royal Pakistan Navy (RPN) three of the seven active sloops, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., four of the ten serviceable minesweepers, two frigates, two naval trawlers, four harbour launches and a number of Harbour Defence Motor Launches. 358 personnel, and 180 officers, most of whom were Muslims or Europeans, volunteered to transfer to the RPN. India retained the remainder of the RIN's assets and personnel, and many British officers opted to continue serving in the RIN.[15] As only nine of the Navy's 620 Indian commissioned officers in 1947 had more than 10 years' service, with the majority of them only having served from five to eight years, British officers seconded from the Royal Navy continued to hold senior RIN shore appointments after Independence, though all naval vessels had Indian commanders by the year's end.[40]

Dominion of India

In May 1948, Ajitendu Chakraverti became the first Indian commodore in the post-independence RIN, in the appointment of Chief of Staff Naval HQ.[41] On 21 June 1948, the additional designation of "Chief of the Naval Staff" was added before that of "Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy."[42] In January 1949, the first batch of 13 Indian officers began their flight training, initiating the process which would lead to the formation of the Indian Naval Air Arm.[43]

On 26 January 1950, when India adopted its current constitution and became a republic, the Royal Indian Navy became the Indian Navy. Its vessels were redesignated as "Indian Naval Ships", and the "HMIS" ship prefix for existing vessels was changed to 'INS'.[44] At 9:00 that morning, the White Ensign of the Royal Navy was struck and replaced with the Indian Naval Ensign, with the Flag of India in its canton, symbolically completing the transition to the new Indian Navy.[45]

Commanding officers

No. Portrait Name
(born–died)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Term of office Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
Commodore, Bombay Marine (1738-1739)
1 Commodore Bagwell 1738 1739 1 year [46]
Superintendent, Bombay Marine (1739-1830)
1 Charles Rigby Esq.
(also Deputy Governor of Bombay)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1739 [46]
2 File:Sir William James.jpg Commodore Sir William James, 1st Baronet 1751 1754 3 years [46]
3 Captain Samuel Hough 1754 1772 18 years [46]
4 Commodore John Watson 1772 1774 2 years [46]
5 Captain Simon Matham 1774 1776 2 years [46]
6 Commodore George Emptage 1781 1785 4 years [46]
7 Captain Philip Dundas 1792 1801 9 years [47]
8 File:The Money Brothers William Taylor, 1769-1834, James, 1772-1833, and Robert, 1775-1803 (cropped).jpg Captain Sir William Taylor Money 1801 1810 9 years [48]
9 Captain Henry Meriton 1813 1825 12 years [46][49]
10 Captain Thomas Buchanan 1825 1827 2 years [46][50]
11 File:Charles Malcolm.Jpeg Captain Sir Charles Malcolm Template:Post-nominals 1827 1830 3 years [51][46][52]
Superintendent, Indian Navy (1830-1844)
1 File:Charles Malcolm.Jpeg Captain Sir Charles Malcolm Template:Post-nominals April 1830 10 January 1837 Template:Ayd [46]
2 Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Malcolm Template:Post-nominals 10 January 1837 July 1838 Template:Ayd [46]
3 Captain Sir Robert Oliver July 1838 October 1844 Template:Ayd [46]
Officiating Superintendent, Indian Navy (1844-1845)
1 Captain John Pepper October 1844 April 1845 Template:Ayd [46]
2 Acting Captain Henry Blosse Lynch April 1845 December 1845 Template:Ayd [46]
Superintendent, Indian Navy (1845-1848)
1 Captain Sir Robert Oliver December 1845 April 1848 Template:Ayd [46]
Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy (1848)
1 Commodore Sir Robert Oliver April 1848 6 August 1848 Template:Ayd [46]
Officiating Superintendent, Indian Navy (1848-1849)
1 Captain Henry Blosse Lynch 6 August 1848 30 August 1848 Template:Ayd [46]
Superintendent, Indian Navy (1848-1849)
1 Captain John Croft Hawkins 31 August 1848 26 January 1849 Template:Ayd [46]
Superintendent & Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy (1849–62)
1 Commodore Stephen Lushington 26 January 1849 March 1852 Template:Ayd [46]
2 Commodore Henry John Leeke March 1852 15 April 1854 Template:Ayd [46]
3 Rear-Admiral Henry John Leeke 15 April 1854 July 1857 Template:Ayd [46]
4 File:Gwellesley.jpg Commodore George Greville Wellesley July 1857 July 1862 5 years [46]
Superintendent, Indian Navy (1862-1863))
1 Commodore John James Frushard July 1862 April 1863 Template:Ayd [46]
Superintendent, Bombay Marine (1863-1874))
1 Captain John Wellington Young Template:Post-nominals April 1863 April 1868 5 years [46]
2 Captain G. F. Robinson April 1868 September 1874 6 years [46]
Naval Adviser to Government of India (1874-1880)
1 File:John Bythesea VC RN.jpg Captain John Bythesea 5 August 1877 November 1880 3 years [46]
2 Rear-Admiral John Bythesea 1874 5 August 1877 3 years [46]
Director, Her Majesty's Indian Marine (1882–83)
1 Captain Harry Woodfall Brent 1883 1883 1 year [46]
Director of H.M.'s Indian Marine (1883–1892)
1 Captain John Hext 1883 1892 9 years [46]
Director of the Royal Indian Marine (1892–1928)Template:Refn
1 Rear-Admiral Sir John Hext Template:Post-nominals
(1842-1924)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1892 February 1898 6 years
2 Captain Walter Somerville Goodridge Template:Post-nominals
(30 March 1849-2 April 1929)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		5 March 1898 5 March 1904 Template:Ayd [53][54]
[55]
3 Captain George Hayley Hewett Template:Post-nominals
(30 November 1855-1930)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		5 March 1904 17 March 1909 Template:Ayd [56]
4 Walter Lumsden Commodore Walter Lumsden Template:Post-nominals
(16 April 1865-22 November 1947)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		17 March 1909 12 June 1917 Template:Ayd [57][58]
[59][60]
5 Captain Neville Frederick Jarvis Wilson Template:Post-nominals
(1865-1947)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		12 June 1917 27 August 1920 Template:Ayd [58][61]
[60]
6 Rear-Admiral Henry Lancelot Mawbey Template:Post-nominals
(16 June 1870-4 June 1933)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		28 August 1920 3 August 1922 Template:Ayd [62][63]
[64]
7 File:Capt. Sir. Edward James Headlam.jpg Captain Sir Edward James Headlam Template:Post-nominals
(1 May 1873-14 July 1943)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		3 August 1922 4 October 1928 Template:Ayd [65][66]
Flag Officer Commanding and Director, Royal Indian Marine (1928–1934)
1 File:Humphrey T. Walwyn.jpg Vice-Admiral Sir Humphrey T. Walwyn Template:Post-nominals
(1879-1957)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		5 October 1928 2 October 1934 Template:Ayd [66]
Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy (1934–1947)
1 File:Humphrey T. Walwyn.jpg Vice-Admiral Sir Humphrey T. Walwyn Template:Post-nominals
(1879-1957)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		2 October 1934 16 November 1934 Template:Ayd [67][68]
2 File:Arthur Bedford, 1915.jpeg Vice-Admiral Arthur Bedford Template:Post-nominals
(1881-1949)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		16 November 1934 23 November 1937 Template:Ayd [68][67]
[69][70]
3 File:Vice Admiral Herbert Fitzherbert 01.jpg Vice-Admiral Sir Herbert Fitzherbert Template:Post-nominals
(1885-1958)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		23 November 1937 19 March 1943 Template:Ayd [71][70]
4 File:Vice Admiral Godfrey WWII IWM A 20777.jpg Admiral John Henry Godfrey Template:Post-nominals
(1888-1970)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		19 March 1943 15 March 1946 Template:Ayd [67][72]
5 Vice-Admiral Sir Geoffrey Audley Miles Template:Post-nominals
(1890-1986)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		15 March 1946 1 March 1947 Template:Ayd [71][37]
Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy (1947–1948)
1 Vice-Admiral Sir Geoffrey Audley Miles Template:Post-nominals
(1890-1986)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1 March 1947 14 August 1947 Template:Ayd [71][37]
2 File:John Talbot Savignac Hall.jpg Rear Admiral John Talbot Savignac Hall Template:Post-nominals
(1896-1964)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		15 August 1947 20 June 1948 Template:Ayd [71][37]
Chief of the Naval Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy (1948–1950)
1 File:John Talbot Savignac Hall.jpg Rear Admiral John Talbot Savignac Hall Template:Post-nominals
(1896-1964)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		21 June 1948 14 August 1948 Template:Ayd [71][42]
2 Vice Admiral Sir William Edward Parry Template:Post-nominals
(1893-1972)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		14 August 1948 25 January 1950 Template:Ayd

Partition of ships, 1947

Vessel types India Pakistan
Frigates
Sloops
Corvettes
Minesweepers
Survey Vessels
  • HMIS Investigator
Trawlers
  • HMIS Nasik
  • HMIS Calcutta
  • HMIS Cochin
  • HMIS Amritsar
  • HMIS Shillong
  • HMPS Rampur
  • HMPS Baroda
Motor Minesweepers (MMS)
  • MMS 130
  • MMS 132
  • MMS 151
  • MMS 154
  • MMS 129
  • MMS 131
Motor Launches (ML)
  • ML 420
Harbour Defence Motor Launches (HDML)
  • HDML 1110
  • HDML 1112
  • HDML 1117
  • HDML 1118
  • HDML 1261
  • HDML 1262
  • HDML 1263
  • HDML 1266
Tankers
Miscellaneous All existing landing craft

See also

Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ a b Harbans Singh Bhatia, Military History of British India, 1607-1947 (1977), p. 15
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Charles Rathbone Low, History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863) (R. Bentley & Son, 1877)
  3. ↑ Rear Admiral Satyindra Singh AVSM, Under Two Ensigns: The Indian Navy 1945-1950 (1986), p. 36
  4. ↑ Singh 1986, p. 40
  5. ↑ a b Rear Admiral Satyindra Singh AVSM, Under Two Ensigns: The Indian Navy 1945-1950 (1986), p. 40-41
  6. ↑ Rear Admiral Satyindra Singh AVSM, Under Two Ensigns: The Indian Navy 1945-1950 (1986), p. 42
  7. ↑ Edmund Burke, ed., The Annual Register of the Year 1852 (Longmans, Green, 1853), p. 283
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Genesis at indiannavy.nic.in Template:Webarchive
  13. ↑ Archibald Greig Cowie, The sea services of the empire as fields for employment (1905), p. 246
  14. ↑ D. J. E. Collins, The Royal Indian Navy, 1939-45, vol. 1 (Bombay, 1964), p. 8
  15. ↑ a b c Bhatia (1977), p. 28
  16. ↑ D. J. E. Collins, The Royal Indian Navy, 1939-45, vol. 1 (Bombay, 1964)
  17. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  18. ↑ a b The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p248
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Inmed Template:Webarchive
  21. ↑ The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p252
  22. ↑ The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p255 - p316
  23. ↑ Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.23
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p96
  29. ↑ Neil MacCart, Town Class Cruisers, Maritime Books, 2012, Template:ISBN, p. 153
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p309
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Christopher M. Bell, Bruce A. Elleman, Naval mutinies of the twentieth century: an international perspective (2003), p. 6: "The first navy to experience a major mutiny after the Second World War was the Royal Indian Navy. For five days in February 1946, Indian sailors rose up against their predominantly British officer corps: approximately 56 ships..."
  37. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Bhatia (1977), p. 28: "Consequent on the partition of the country on 15 August 1947, two thirds of the undivided fleet and associated assets came to India."
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Indian and Foreign Review, vol 3 (Indian Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Publications Division, 1965), p. 65: "The residual part which continued as the Royal Indian Navy had to face many problems, specially regarding personnel. On India becoming a republic on January 26, 1950, the Navy dropped the word "Royal" in its name and became the Indian Navy."
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Day, John Frederick. (April 2012) ' British Admiralty Control and Naval Power in the Indian Ocean (1793-1815) (Volume 1 of 2)'. Submitted as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Maritime History, University of Exeter. p. 429.
  48. ↑ Day. p. 429.
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ The London Gazette, 1 January 1901
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Who's Who, 1948, pp 1703-1704
  60. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ The London Gazette, 23 June 1922
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Further reading

  • Harbans Singh Bhatia, Military History of British India, 1607–1947 (1977)
  • Collins, D.J.E. The Royal Indian Navy (1964 online official history

Template:Indian Navy

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