Bodhipakkhiyādhammā

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Template:Short description Template:Religious text primary Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists In Buddhism, the Script error: No such module "lang". (Pali; variant spellings include Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang".;[1] Skt.: Script error: No such module "lang".) are qualities (Script error: No such module "lang".) conducive or related to (Script error: No such module "lang".) awakening/understanding (Script error: No such module "lang".), i.e. the factors and wholesome qualities which are developed when the mind is trained (Script error: No such module "lang".).

In the Pali commentaries, the term Script error: No such module "lang". is used to refer to seven sets of such qualities regularly attributed to the Buddha throughout the Pali Canon. Within these seven sets of Script error: No such module "lang".-related qualities, there is listed a total of thirty-seven repetitious and interrelated qualities (Script error: No such module "lang".).[2]

These seven sets of qualities are recognized by both Theravadan and Mahayanan Buddhists as complementary facets of the Buddhist path to Script error: No such module "lang"..[3]

Seven sets of thirty-seven qualities

In the Pali Canon's Bhāvanānuyutta sutta ("Mental Development Discourse,"Template:Refn AN 7.67), the Buddha is recorded as saying: Template:Quote

Elsewhere in the Canon,[4] and in numerous places in the āgamas of other early schools,[5] these seven sets of thirty-seven qualities conducive to Enlightenment are enumerated as:

Four establishments/presences of mindfulness (Script error: No such module "lang".)

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  1. Mindfulness of the body (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  2. Mindfulness of feelings (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  3. Mindfulness of mental states (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  4. Mindfulness of mental qualities (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)

Four right exertions/efforts/strivings (Script error: No such module "lang".)

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  1. Effort for the preventing of unskillful states to arise [anuppādāya]
  2. Effort for the abandoning of the already arisen unskillful states [pahānāya]
  3. Effort for the arising of skillful states [uppādāya]
  4. Effort for the sustaining and increasing of arisen skillful states [ṭhitiyā]

Four bases of spiritual power (Script error: No such module "lang".)

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  1. Intention or will (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  2. Effort (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  3. Consciousness (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  4. Skill of Analysis (Script error: No such module "lang". or Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)

Five spiritual faculties (Script error: No such module "lang".)

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  1. Conviction[6] (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  2. Effort (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  3. Mindfulness (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  4. Concentration/Unification (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  5. Wisdom (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)

Five Strengths (Script error: No such module "lang".)

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  1. Conviction (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".})
  2. Effort (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  3. Mindfulness (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  4. Concentration/Unification (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  5. Wisdom (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)

Seven Factors of bodhi (awakening, understanding) (satta bojjhaṅgā)

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  1. Mindfulness (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  2. Investigation (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  3. Effort (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  4. Joy (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  5. Tranquillity (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  6. Concentration/Unification (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  7. Equanimity (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)

Noble Eightfold Path (ariya aṭṭhaṅgika magga)

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  1. Right Understanding (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  2. Right Intention (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  3. Right Speech (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  4. Right Action (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  5. Right Livelihood (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  6. Right Effort/Energy (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  7. Right Mindfulness (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)
  8. Right Concentration/Unification (Script error: No such module "lang"., S. Script error: No such module "lang".)

Forty-one and forty-three qualities

A sutta found in The Senior Collection of Gandhāran Buddhist texts ascribes forty one instead of thirty seven beneficial dharmas.[7] The Gandharan text includes Script error: No such module "lang". which the Pali tradition does not.[7] Salomon notes this forty one numbered list appears in both a Chinese translation of the Dirghagama which current scholarship believes to be of the Dharmaguptaka school of Buddhism and a Chinese translation of the Dharmaguptaka vinaya.[7]

In the Pali Canon's Nettipakaraṇa (Netti 112) forty-three qualities connected with awakening (Script error: No such module "lang".) are mentioned which, according to the commentaries, include the aforementioned thirty-seven plus the following six contemplations (also found in the suttas, e.g. Saṅgīti Sutta D iii 251)

  1. impermanence (Script error: No such module "lang".)
  2. suffering (Script error: No such module "lang".)
  3. non-self (Script error: No such module "lang".)
  • abandoning (Script error: No such module "lang".)
  • dispassion (Script error: No such module "lang".)
  • cessation (Script error: No such module "lang".)

In the Pali literature

The technical term, Script error: No such module "lang"., explicitly referring to the seven sets of qualities identified above, is first encountered in the Pali commentaries;[2] nonetheless, the seven sets of Script error: No such module "lang". are themselves first collated, enumerated, and referenced in the Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.[8]

Sutta Pitaka

In the Digha Nikāya's famed Maha-parinibbana Sutta (DN 16), which recounts the Buddha's last days, in the Buddha's last address to his assembly of followers he states:[9]

Now, O bhikkhus, I say to you that these teachings of which I have direct knowledge and which I have made known to you—these you should thoroughly learn, cultivate, develop, and frequently practice, that the life of purity may be established and may long endure, for the welfare and happiness of the multitude, out of compassion for the world, for the benefit, well being, and happiness of gods and men. And what, bhikkhus, are these teachings? They are the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the four constituents of psychic power, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven factors of enlightenment, and the Noble Eightfold Path. These, bhikkhus, are the teachings of which I have direct knowledge, which I have made known to you, and which you should thoroughly learn, cultivate, develop, and frequently practice....

In the Majjhima Nikāya's "Greater Discourse to Sakuludāyin" (MN 77),[10] when asked why his disciples venerated him, the Buddha identified five qualities he possessed: highest virtues (Script error: No such module "lang".); highest knowledge and vision (Script error: No such module "lang".); highest wisdom (Script error: No such module "lang".); his explanation of the Four Noble Truths (Script error: No such module "lang".); and, his identification of numerous ways to develop wholesome states.

The Buddha's elaboration of the last item included the seven sets of thirty-seven Script error: No such module "lang". which are enumerated individually in this discourse.[11]

In the Samyutta Nikaya, the fifth division's first seven chapters are each devoted to one of the Script error: No such module "lang".. While there is a great deal of repetition among these chapters' discourses, these seven chapters include almost 900 discourses.[12]

In the Anguttara Nikaya's "Upajjhāyasuttaṃ" (AN 5.6.6), the Buddha recommends five things for a monk to overcome spiritual hindrances: control mental faculties; eat the right amount of food; maintain wakefulness; be aware of merit; and, develop the Script error: No such module "lang". throughout the day.[13]

In the Khuddaka Nikāya, the Script error: No such module "lang". are mentioned at Iti. 82,[14] Th. 900,[15] and Nett. 31, 112, 197, 237, 240 and 261.[16]

Abhidhamma Pitaka

The Script error: No such module "lang". are mentioned in several passages of the Abhidhamma, such as at Vbh. sections 571 and 584.[17]

Commentaries

In the Visuddhimagga, Buddhaghosa enumerates the seven sets of Script error: No such module "lang". along with a relevant Sutta Pitaka discourse (Vism. XXII.33), describes each set (Vism. XXII.34-38), and describes their existence in the consciousness of an arahant (Vism. XXII.39-40). In addition, Buddhaghosa factors the 37 qualities in a manner so as to describe fourteen non-redundant qualities (Vism. XXII.40-43); thus, for instance, while nine qualities (zeal, consciousness, joy, tranquility, equanimity, intention, speech, action, livelihood) are mentioned only once in the full list of 37 qualities, the other five qualities are mentioned multiple times. Table 1 below identifies the five qualities spanning multiple Script error: No such module "lang". sets.[18]

7 SETS OF QUALITIES
4
Establishments of Mindfulness 		4
Right
Exertions 		4
Bases of
Power 		5
Faculties 		5
Powers 		7
Factors of
Awakening 		Noble
Eightfold
Path
5

Q
U
A
L
I
T
I
E
S 		Faith Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang".
Energy 4
Script error: No such module "lang". 		Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang".
Mindfulness 4
Script error: No such module "lang". 		Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang".
Concentration Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang".
Wisdom Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang".
Table 1: Five qualities mentioned 28 times across seven sets of qualities conducive to Enlightenment (based on Vism. XXII.41-43).

In terms of other Pali commentaries, the Script error: No such module "lang". are also mentioned in Dhammapada-Aṭṭhakathā (DhA i.230), Suttanipāta-Aṭṭhakathā (SnA 164), and Jātaka-Aṭṭhakathā (J i.275, iii.290, and v.483).[19]

See also

Notes

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References

  1. ↑ For the various Pali spellings, see Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 491, under the entries for "Script error: No such module "lang"." and "Script error: No such module "lang".." In this article, the variants are listed from most frequently used to least, deduced from Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25) and other sources.
  2. ↑ a b Regarding the use of the compound Pali term Script error: No such module "lang". in the canonical discourses, based on a search of the Sinhala SLTP tipitaka using the La Trobe University search engine (Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".), the term Script error: No such module "lang". (and its variant spellings and declensions) was found in following nine discourses in the Sutta Pitaka:
    1. DN 27 (Aggañña Sutta)
    2. SN 48.51 (Sālā Sutta)
    3. SN 48.55 (Sāra Sutta)
    4. SN 48.67 (Rukkha Sutta)
    5. AN 5.56 (Upajjhāya Sutta)
    6. AN 6.17 (Kusala Sutta or Soppa Sutta)
    7. AN 9.1 (Sambodhipakkhiya Sutta)
    8. Iti. 82 (Devasadda Sutta)
    9. Iti. 97 (Kalyāṇasīla Sutta)
    The Digha Nikaya (DN 27) and Itivuttaka (Iti., 82, 97) discourses each refer to "seven" (Script error: No such module "lang".) factors of enlightenment. In his translation of DN 27, Walshe (1995, pp. 415 para. 30, 605 n. 854) interprets the "seven" to refer to the seven enlightenment factors (Script error: No such module "lang".) described in the Mahasatipatthana Sutta (DN 22). Conversely, in their translations of the Itivuttaka discourses, Ireland (1997) and Thanissaro (2001) interpret the "seven" as referring to the "seven groups of" or "seven [sets of]" factors of enlightenment, respectively. None of these three discourses themselves explicitly identifies which seven factors or sets of factors are being referenced. Moreover, the Anguttara Nikaya (AN 5.56, 6.17, 9.1) discourses neither numerically quantify nor elaborate upon the terms Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". or Script error: No such module "lang". (respectively). Uniquely, in the three discourses from the Samyutta Nikaya (48.51, 48.55, 48.57), all three explicitly associate the term Script error: No such module "lang". (and variant spellings) solely with the five faculties (Script error: No such module "lang".) of faith, energy, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom (Bodhi, 2000, p. 1695). Perhaps summing up the vagueness and apparent inconsistencies in these identified discourses and their translations, in an end note to the Sālā Sutta (SN 48.51) Bodhi (2000, p. 1937 n. 235) comments: "In the commentaries Script error: No such module "lang". is the umbrella term for the seven sets of training factors repeatedly taught by the Buddha, but in the suttas the expression has a more flexible, less technical meaning." Bodhi then refers to Gethin (1992), pp. 289–98, for further discussion.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ For instance, these thirty-seven qualities are enumerated in SN 43.12 "The Unconditioned" (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 1374–78), where each quality is deemed "the path leading to the unconditioned" (Script error: No such module "lang".), which is in turn defined as the destruction of lust, hatred and delusion (Script error: No such module "lang".).
  5. ↑ Sarvāstivāda Buddhist scholasticism, Part 2, Volume 11, by Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox Brill Academic Publishers: 1997. Template:ISBN pg 11
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ For a survey of references to these qualities, see, for instance, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 491, entries on "Script error: No such module "lang".", and on "Script error: No such module "lang".". Bodhi (2000), pp. 1485–86, notes:
    "In the Buddhist exegetical tradition, beginning very soon after the age of the canon, these seven sets are known as the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment (Script error: No such module "lang".). Although this term is not used in the Nikāyas themselves as a collective appellation for the seven sets, the sets themselves frequently appear in the Nikāyas as a compendium of the practice leading to enlightenment."
  9. ↑ Vajra & Story (1998).
  10. ↑ Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi (2001), "The Greater Discourse to Sakuludāyin" (Mahāsakuludāyi Sutta, MN 77), pp. 629–647, 1284 n. 762; Upalavanna (n.d.-a); and, SLTP, n.d.-b
  11. ↑ In MN 77, in addition to the seven sets of 37 qualities conducive to Enlightenment, the Buddha further identified his teaching of various meditative accomplishments (such as the jhanas) and his achieving higher knowledge (such as recollecting past lives) as contributing to his disciples' veneration. Note that the phrase, "ways to develop wholesome states," is not actually in the original Pali sutta itself but is a square-bracketed sectional title inserted by Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi (2001) to demarcate the fifth quality set that the Buddha self identifies as the basis for his disciples' veneration.
  12. ↑ Bodhi (2000), chs. 45-51, pp.–1523–1749. The number of discourses identified here is based on Bodhi (2000) — which includes 894 separate discourses — but the actual number of discourses varies depending on which edition of the Samyutta Nikaya one is referencing.
  13. ↑ Upalavanna (n.d.-b), AN 5.6.6.
  14. ↑ Thanissaro (2001), Iti. 82 is at available at https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/iti/iti.3.050-099.than.html#iti-082 (retrieved 2007-05-22).
  15. ↑ SLTP (n.d.-c), stanza 900 in Pali: "Script error: No such module "lang"." This is part of the stanzas ascribed to Anuruddha. Norman (1997), p. 90, translates the Pali as: "His characteristics are good, conducive to enlightenment, and he is without Script error: No such module "lang". [mental intoxicants]; so it is said by the great seer."
  16. ↑ Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), op. cit.
  17. ↑ SLTP (n.d.-a), §§ 571, 584 (PTS pages 244, 249). Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 491, entry for "Script error: No such module "lang".," states that the Script error: No such module "lang". are "mentioned at many other passages of the Abhidhamma."
  18. ↑ Buddhaghosa & Ñāṇamoli (1999), pp. 702–705. Note that, whereas the Visuddhimagga orders the five redundant qualities listed in the table in order of ascending frequency among the seven sets (that is, from faith which appears twice among the seven sets to energy which appears nine times), the table below orders them in a manner consistent with the Five Faculties and Five Powers (from faith to understanding) to facilitate reader comprehension as there is potentially a developmental facet to this classical ordering.
  19. ↑ Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), op. cit.

Sources

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Further reading

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External links

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